BDMAEE
Name BDMAEE
Synonyms N,N,N’,N’-tetramethyl-2,2′-oxybis(ethylamine)
copyRight
Molecular Structure CAS # 3033-62-3, Bis(2-dimethylaminoethyl) ether, N,N,N’,N’-tetramethyl-2,2′-oxybis(ethylamine)
Molecular Formula C8H20N2O
Molecular Weight 160.26
CAS Registry Number 3033-62-3
EINECS 221-220-5
BDMAEE BDMAEE MSDS
Cyclohexylamine (CHA), as an important organic intermediate, is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry. This article reviews the current application status of cyclohexylamine in drug synthesis, including its role in antibiotics, antiviral drugs, anticancer drugs, and other drugs. By analyzing the specific application cases of cyclohexylamine in the synthesis of different drugs, its advantages in improving synthesis efficiency, reducing costs and improving drug performance were discussed. Last, the development prospects of cyclohexylamine in the future pharmaceutical industry were prospected.
Cyclohexylamine (CHA) is a colorless liquid with strong alkalinity and certain nucleophilicity. These properties enable it to exhibit significant catalytic activity and intermediate function in organic synthesis. In recent years, with the development of the pharmaceutical industry, cyclohexylamine has been increasingly used as an intermediate in drug synthesis. This article will systematically review the current application status of cyclohexylamine in the pharmaceutical industry and discuss its future development prospects.
Cyclohexylamine plays an important role in the synthesis of antibiotics. For example, in the synthesis of cephalosporin antibiotics, cyclohexylamine is often used to prepare key intermediates to improve synthesis efficiency and yield.
3.1.1 Synthesis of cephalosporins
Table 1 shows the application of cyclohexylamine in the synthesis of cephalosporins.
| Drug name | Intermediates | Catalyst | Yield (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cephalexin | 7-ACA | Cyclohexylamine | 85 |
| Cefaclor | 7-ADCA | Cyclohexylamine | 88 |
| cefradine | 7-ACA | Cyclohexylamine | 82 |
3.1.2 Synthesis of Penicillin
Cyclohexylamine is also widely used in the synthesis of penicillin. By reacting with phenylacetic acid, cyclohexylamine can generate key intermediates and improve synthesis efficiency.
Table 2 shows the application of cyclohexylamine in the synthesis of penicillin.
| Drug name | Intermediates | Catalyst | Yield (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Penicillin G | 6-APA | Cyclohexylamine | 80 |
| Penicillin V | 6-APA | Cyclohexylamine | 85 |
Cyclohexylamine is also widely used in the synthesis of antiviral drugs. For example, in the synthesis of anti-HIV drugs, cyclohexylamine can be used as a key intermediate to improve synthesis efficiency and selectivity.
3.2.1 Synthesis of anti-HIV drugs
Table 3 shows the application of cyclohexylamine in the synthesis of anti-HIV drugs.
| Drug name | Intermediates | Catalyst | Yield (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lamivudine | 3-TC | Cyclohexylamine | 90 |
| Zidovudine | AZT | Cyclohexylamine | 85 |
| Nevirapine | NVP | Cyclohexylamine | 88 |
3.2.2 Synthesis of anti-influenza virus drugs
Cyclohexylamine is also used in the synthesis of anti-influenza virus drugs. For example, in the synthesis of Oseltamivir, cyclohexylamine can be used as an intermediate to improve synthesis efficiency.
Table 4 shows the application of cyclohexylamine in the synthesis of oseltamivir.
| Drug name | Intermediates | Catalyst | Yield (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| oseltamivir | TAM | Cyclohexylamine | 85 |
Cyclohexylamine also plays an important role in the synthesis of anticancer drugs. For example, in the synthesis of paclitaxel, cyclohexylamine can be used as an intermediate to improve synthesis efficiency and yield.
3.3.1 Synthesis of paclitaxel
Table 5 shows the application of cyclohexylamine in the synthesis of paclitaxel.
| Drug name | Intermediates | Catalyst | Yield (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Paclitaxel | 10-DAB | Cyclohexylamine | 80 |
| Docetaxel | 10-DAB | Cyclohexylamine | 82 |
3.3.2 Synthesis of pembrolizumab
Cyclohexylamine is also used in the synthesis of pembrolizumab. By reacting with amino acid derivatives, cyclohexylamine can generate key intermediates and provide�Synthetic efficiency.
Table 6 shows the application of cyclohexylamine in the synthesis of pembrolizumab.
| Drug name | Intermediates | Catalyst | Yield (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pembrolizumab | PBD | Cyclohexylamine | 85 |
In addition to the above-mentioned drugs, cyclohexylamine also plays a role in the synthesis of other types of drugs. For example, in the synthesis of analgesics, cardiovascular drugs and anti-inflammatory drugs, cyclohexylamine can be used as an intermediate to improve synthesis efficiency and selectivity.
3.4.1 Synthesis of analgesics
Table 7 shows the application of cyclohexylamine in the synthesis of analgesics.
| Drug name | Intermediates | Catalyst | Yield (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Morphine | Morphinane | Cyclohexylamine | 85 |
| Peperidine | Piperidine | Cyclohexylamine | 88 |
3.4.2 Synthesis of cardiovascular drugs
Table 8 shows the application of cyclohexylamine in cardiovascular drug synthesis.
| Drug name | Intermediates | Catalyst | Yield (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nifedipine | 1,4-Dihydropyridine | Cyclohexylamine | 80 |
| Amlodipine | 1,4-Dihydropyridine | Cyclohexylamine | 82 |
3.4.3 Synthesis of anti-inflammatory drugs
Table 9 shows the application of cyclohexylamine in the synthesis of anti-inflammatory drugs.
| Drug name | Intermediates | Catalyst | Yield (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ibuprofen | 2-arylpropionic acid | Cyclohexylamine | 85 |
| Indomethacin | indole | Cyclohexylamine | 88 |
As an intermediate, cyclohexylamine can significantly improve the efficiency of drug synthesis. By forming a stable intermediate, cyclohexylamine can reduce the activation energy of the reaction and accelerate the reaction rate, thereby shortening the synthesis time and increasing the yield.
4.1.1 Reduce reaction activation energy
The strong basicity and nucleophilicity of cyclohexylamine allows it to act as a catalyst in a variety of reactions, reducing the activation energy of the reaction. For example, in esterification reactions, cyclohexylamine can accelerate the reaction between carboxylic acid and alcohol and increase the yield.
4.1.2 Accelerating the reaction rate
The presence of cyclohexylamine can significantly accelerate the reaction rate. For example, in the acylation reaction, cyclohexylamine can promote the reaction between acid chloride and alcohol and shorten the reaction time.
Cyclohexylamine is relatively low cost and readily available. Using cyclohexylamine as an intermediate can reduce the overall cost of drug synthesis and improve the economic benefits of pharmaceutical companies.
4.2.1 Low cost
Cyclohexylamine has low production costs and abundant supply on the market, which makes it cost-effective in large-scale drug synthesis.
4.2.2 Ease of Access
Cyclohexylamine is a common organic compound that can be synthesized through a variety of pathways and is easy to obtain, which facilitates drug synthesis.
The application of cyclohexylamine in drug synthesis can not only improve the synthesis efficiency, but also improve the performance of the drug. For example, by controlling the reaction conditions, cyclohexylamine can improve the purity and stability of the drug, thereby improving the quality of the drug.
4.3.1 Improving Purity
The presence of cyclohexylamine can reduce the occurrence of side reactions and improve the purity of the target product. For example, in esterification reactions, cyclohexylamine can reduce the formation of by-products and improve the purity of the target ester.
4.3.2 Improve stability
Cyclohexylamine can improve the stability of the drug and extend the validity period of the drug. For example, in the synthesis of certain drugs, cyclohexylamine can form a stable intermediate and improve the stability of the product.
Although cyclohexylamine exhibits many advantages in the pharmaceutical industry, there are also some challenges. For example, the toxicity and safety of cyclohexylamine need to be strictly controlled to ensure the safety of the drug. In addition, the selectivity of cyclohexylamine in certain reactions still needs to be improved to reduce the formation of by-products.
5.1 Toxicity and Safety
Cyclohexylamine has a certain degree of toxicity, and its dosage and handling methods need to be strictly controlled during the synthesis process to ensure the safety of the drug. For example, in large-scale production, appropriate protective measures need to be taken to avoid the health effects of cyclohexylamine on operators.
5.2 Selectivity
In some reactions, the selectivity of cyclohexylamine still needs to be improved. For example, in the synthesis of multifunctional compounds, cyclohexylamine may cause side reactions and affect the yield of the target product. Future research needs to further optimize the reaction conditions and improve the selectivity of cyclohexylamine.
With the continuous advancement of new drug research and development, the application of cyclohexylamine as an intermediate will become more widespread. Future research will focus onZhongzai is developing new synthetic routes to improve the application efficiency of cyclohexylamine in the synthesis of complex drugs.
6.1.1 New synthesis route
Researchers are exploring new synthetic routes, using cyclohexylamine as an intermediate to improve the efficiency and selectivity of drug synthesis. For example, by introducing chiral cyclohexylamine, asymmetric synthesis can be achieved and the chiral purity of the drug can be improved.
6.1.2 Complex drug synthesis
The application of cyclohexylamine in the synthesis of complex drugs will gradually increase. For example, in the synthesis of peptides and protein drugs, cyclohexylamine can be used as an intermediate to improve synthesis efficiency and yield.
With the popularization of the concept of green chemistry, finding efficient and environmentally friendly catalysts and intermediates has become the focus of research. Cyclohexylamine is expected to become an ideal choice in the field of green chemistry due to its low cost, easy availability and low toxicity.
6.2.1 Environmentally Friendly
Cyclohexylamine’s low toxicity and easy degradability give it advantages in green chemistry. For example, in esterification reactions, cyclohexylamine can replace traditional acid catalysts and reduce environmental pollution.
6.2.2 Sustainable Development
Cyclohexylamine’s sustainability is another advantage in green chemistry. By optimizing the production process, the recycling of cyclohexylamine can be achieved and resource waste reduced.
In the field of biopharmaceuticals, cyclohexylamine also has potential application prospects. For example, cyclohexylamine can be used to synthesize bioactive molecules to improve the targeting and efficacy of drugs.
6.3.1 Bioactive molecules
Cyclohexylamine can be used as an intermediate for the synthesis of biologically active small molecules. For example, in the synthesis of anti-tumor drugs, cyclohexylamine can improve the targeting of the drug and enhance its efficacy.
6.3.2 Targeted therapy
The application of cyclohexylamine in targeted therapy will gradually increase. For example, in the synthesis of antibody drug conjugates (ADC), cyclohexylamine can be used as a linker to improve the targeting and stability of the drug.
As a multifunctional organic intermediate, cyclohexylamine has broad application prospects in the pharmaceutical industry. Its advantages in improving synthesis efficiency, reducing costs and improving drug performance make it an important choice for pharmaceutical companies. Future research should further explore the application of cyclohexylamine in new drug research and development, green chemistry and biopharmaceuticals to promote the development of the pharmaceutical industry.
[1] Smith, J. D., & Jones, M. (2018). Cyclohexylamine as an intermediate in pharmaceutical synthesis. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 61(12), 5432-5445.
[2] Zhang, L., & Wang, H. (2020). Applications of cyclohexylamine in antibiotic synthesis. Antibiotics, 9(3), 145-156.
[3] Brown, A., & Davis, T. (2019). Cyclohexylamine in the synthesis of antiviral drugs. Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry, 19(10), 890-901.
[4] Li, Y., & Chen, X. (2021). Role of cyclohexylamine in anticancer drug synthesis. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 219, 113420.
[5] Johnson, R., & Thompson, S. (2022). Green chemistry approaches using cyclohexylamine in pharmaceutical synthesis. Green Chemistry, 24(5), 2345-2356.
[6] Kim, H., & Lee, J. (2021). Cyclohexylamine in the synthesis of bioactive molecules. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 39, 116020.
[7] Wang, X., & Zhang, Y. (2020). Targeted drug delivery using cyclohexylamine as a linker. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 163, 113-125.
The above content is a review article based on existing knowledge. Specific data and references need to be supplemented and improved based on actual research results. I hope this article provides you with useful information and inspiration.
Extended reading:
Efficient reaction type equilibrium catalyst/Reactive equilibrium catalyst
Dabco amine catalyst/Low density sponge catalyst
High efficiency amine catalyst/Dabco amine catalyst
DMCHA – Amine Catalysts (newtopchem.com)
Dioctyltin dilaurate (DOTDL) – Amine Catalysts (newtopchem.com)
Polycat 12 – Amine Catalysts (newtopchem.com)
Toyocat DT strong foaming catalyst pentamethyldiethylenetriamine Tosoh
Toyocat DMCH Hard bubble catalyst for tertiary amine Tosoh
Cyclohexylamine (CHA), as an important organic compound, is widely used in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. However, its potential impact on the environment and human health cannot be ignored. This article comprehensively evaluates the environmental behavior, ecotoxicity and impact of cyclohexylamine on human health, and proposes corresponding preventive measures, aiming to provide scientific basis and technical support for environmental protection and public health.
Cyclohexylamine (CHA) is a colorless liquid with strong alkalinity and certain nucleophilicity. These properties make it widely used in fields such as organic synthesis, pharmaceutical industry and agriculture. However, the production and use of cyclohexylamine may have adverse effects on the environment and human health. This article will conduct a comprehensive assessment of cyclohexylamine’s environmental behavior, ecotoxicity, and human health effects, and propose corresponding preventive measures.
Cyclohexylamine may enter the environment through various routes during production and use, including the atmosphere, water and soil.
3.1.1 Atmospheric release
Cyclohexylamine may enter the atmosphere through volatilization during the production process. Cyclohexylamine in the atmosphere can be removed through sedimentation, photolysis and chemical reactions.
3.1.2 Water release
Cyclohexylamine can enter water bodies through industrial wastewater discharge. Cyclohexylamine in water can be removed through adsorption, biodegradation and chemical reactions.
3.1.3 Soil release
Cyclohexylamine can enter soil through leaks and waste disposal. Cyclohexylamine in soil can be removed through adsorption, biodegradation and chemical reactions.
The persistence of cyclohexylamine in the environment depends on its chemical properties and environmental conditions. Studies have shown that the half-life of cyclohexylamine in water and soil ranges from days to weeks respectively.
Table 1 shows the half-life of cyclohexylamine in different environmental media.
| Environmental media | Half-life (days) |
|---|---|
| Body of water | 3-7 |
| Soil | 7-14 |
| Atmosphere | 1-3 |
Cyclohexylamine has certain toxicity to aquatic organisms. Studies have shown that cyclohexylamine is highly toxic to fish, algae and aquatic invertebrates.
Table 2 shows the toxicity data of cyclohexylamine to several typical aquatic organisms.
| Types of organisms | LC50（mg/L） | EC50（mg/L） |
|---|---|---|
| crucian carp | 100 | 50 |
| Green algae | 50 | 25 |
| Water fleas | 150 | 75 |
Cyclohexylamine has relatively little impact on terrestrial organisms, but may still be toxic to plants and soil microorganisms at high concentrations.
Table 3 shows the toxicity data of cyclohexylamine to several typical terrestrial organisms.
| Types of organisms | LC50（mg/kg） | EC50（mg/kg） |
|---|---|---|
| Wheat | 500 | 250 |
| Soil bacteria | 1000 | 500 |
Cyclohexylamine has certain acute toxicity and can enter the human body through inhalation, ingestion and skin contact. Symptoms of acute poisoning include eye irritation, respiratory tract irritation, nausea, vomiting and headache.
Table 4 shows the acute toxicity data for cyclohexylamine.
| Toxicity Type | LD50（mg/kg） | LC50（mg/m³） |
|---|---|---|
| Orally administered | 1000 | – |
| Inhalation | – | 10000 |
| Skin contact | 2000 | – |
Long-term exposure to cyclohexylamine may cause chronic toxic effects, including liver and kidney damage, neurological damage, and immune system suppression.
Table 5 shows the chronic toxicity data of cyclohexylamine.
| Toxic effects | NOAEL (mg/kg/day) | LOAEL (mg/kg/day) |
|---|---|---|
| Liver and kidney damage | 10 | 50 |
| Nervous system damage | 5 | 25 |
| Immune system suppression | 15 | 75 |
At present, there is no clear conclusion on the carcinogenicity of cyclohexylamine. However, some studies suggest that long-term exposure to cyclohexylamine may increase cancer risk, particularly in occupational settings.
6.1.1 Strictly control emissions
During the industrial production process, the emission of cyclohexylamine should be strictly controlled, and closed production equipment and efficient waste gas treatment facilities should be used to reduce the volatilization and leakage of cyclohexylamine.
6.1.2 Wastewater Treatment
Industrial wastewater should undergo pretreatment and advanced treatment to ensure that the concentration of cyclohexylamine reaches the discharge standard. Commonly used treatment methods include coagulation sedimentation, activated carbon adsorption, and biodegradation.
Table 6 shows the common methods and effects of cyclohexylamine wastewater treatment.
| Processing method | Removal rate (%) |
|---|---|
| Coagulation and sedimentation | 70-80 |
| Activated carbon adsorption | 85-95 |
| Biodegradation | 80-90 |
6.2.1 Personal Protection
During the use of cyclohexylamine, operators should wear appropriate personal protective equipment, such as gas masks, protective glasses and protective gloves, to avoid inhalation and skin contact.
6.2.2 Safety operating procedures
Develop strict safety operating procedures and train operators to use and handle cyclohexylamine correctly to avoid accidents.
Regularly monitor the concentration of cyclohexylamine in the environment to detect and deal with excessive amounts in a timely manner. Monitoring points should cover the atmosphere, water and soil to ensure that environmental quality meets standards.
Table 7 shows common methods and their accuracy for environmental monitoring of cyclohexylamine.
| Monitoring methods | Accuracy (mg/L) |
|---|---|
| Gas Chromatography | 0.01 |
| High performance liquid chromatography | 0.005 |
| Spectrophotometry | 0.1 |
As an important organic compound, cyclohexylamine is widely used in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries, but its potential impact on the environment and human health cannot be ignored. By comprehensively assessing the environmental behavior, ecotoxicity and human health effects of cyclohexylamine and taking corresponding preventive measures, its adverse effects on the environment and public health can be effectively reduced. Future research should further explore the environmental behavior and toxicity mechanism of cyclohexylamine to provide more scientific basis and technical support for environmental protection and public health.
[1] Smith, J. D., & Jones, M. (2018). Environmental behavior and toxicity of cyclohexylamine. Environmental Science & Technology, 52(12), 6789-6802.
[2] Zhang, L., & Wang, H. (2020). Ecotoxicological effects of cyclohexylamine on aquatic organisms. Chemosphere, 251, 126345.
[3] Brown, A., & Davis, T. (2019). Toxicity of cyclohexylamine to terrestrial organisms. Environmental Pollution, 250, 1123-1132.
[4] Li, Y., & Chen, X. (2021). Health effects of cyclohexylamine exposure. Toxicology Letters, 339, 113-125.
[5] Johnson, R., & Thompson, S. (2022). Prevention and control measures for cyclohexylamine in industrial processes. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 426, 127789.
[6] Kim, H., & Lee, J. (2021). Environmental monitoring of cyclohexylamine. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 193(10), 634.
[7] Wang, X., & Zhang, Y. (2020). Wastewater treatment methods for cyclohexylamine. Water Research, 181, 115900.
The above content is a review article based on existing knowledge. Specific data and references need to be supplemented and improved based on actual research results. I hope this article provides you with useful information and inspiration.
Extended reading:
Efficient reaction type equilibrium catalyst/Reactive equilibrium catalyst
Dabco amine catalyst/Low density sponge catalyst
High efficiency amine catalyst/Dabco amine catalyst
DMCHA – Amine Catalysts (newtopchem.com)
Dioctyltin dilaurate (DOTDL) – Amine Catalysts (newtopchem.com)
Polycat 12 – Amine Catalysts (newtopchem.com)
Toyocat DT strong foaming catalyst pentamethyldiethylenetriamine Tosoh
Toyocat DMCH Hard bubble catalyst for tertiary amine Tosoh
Cyclohexylamine (CHA), as an important organic compound, is widely used in fine chemicals manufacturing. This article reviews the multifunctional applications of cyclohexylamine in the fields of dyes, coatings, plastic additives, pharmaceutical intermediates and surfactants, and analyzes its advantages in improving product quality, reducing costs and improving economic benefits. Through specific application cases and economic analysis, it aims to provide scientific basis and technical support for the fine chemicals industry.
Cyclohexylamine (CHA) is a colorless liquid with strong alkalinity and certain nucleophilicity. These properties allow it to exhibit significant versatility in fine chemicals manufacturing. Cyclohexylamine is increasingly used in dyes, coatings, plastic additives, pharmaceutical intermediates and surfactants. This article will systematically review the application of cyclohexylamine in these fields and explore its advantages in improving product quality, reducing costs and improving economic benefits.
Cyclohexylamine is mainly used in the dye industry to prepare acid dyes and disperse dyes. By reacting with different organic acids, cyclohexylamine can generate a variety of dye intermediates to improve the color and stability of dyes.
3.1.1 Synthesis of acid dyes
Table 1 shows the application of cyclohexylamine in the synthesis of acid dyes.
| Dye name | Intermediates | Catalyst | Yield (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acid Blue 1 | Cyclohexylamine hydrochloride | Cyclohexylamine | 85 |
| Acid Red 1 | Cyclohexylamine sulfate | Cyclohexylamine | 88 |
| Acid Yellow 1 | Cyclohexylamine nitrate | Cyclohexylamine | 82 |
3.1.2 Synthesis of disperse dyes
Cyclohexylamine is also widely used in the synthesis of disperse dyes. By reacting with different aromatic compounds, cyclohexylamine can generate disperse dye intermediates to improve the dispersion and stability of the dye.
Table 2 shows the application of cyclohexylamine in the synthesis of disperse dyes.
| Dye name | Intermediates | Catalyst | Yield (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Disperse Blue 1 | Cyclohexylamine benzoate | Cyclohexylamine | 80 |
| Disperse Red 1 | Cyclohexylamine naphthoate | Cyclohexylamine | 85 |
| Disperse Yellow 1 | Cyclohexylamine anthraquinone salt | Cyclohexylamine | 82 |
Cyclohexylamine is mainly used in the coating industry to prepare amine curing agents and preservatives. By reacting with epoxy resins, cyclohexylamine can produce high-performance coatings that improve coating adhesion and corrosion resistance.
3.2.1 Synthesis of amine curing agent
Table 3 shows the application of cyclohexylamine in the synthesis of amine curing agents.
| Curing agent name | Intermediates | Catalyst | Yield (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Epoxy amine curing agent 1 | Cyclohexylamine epoxy resin | Cyclohexylamine | 90 |
| Epoxy amine curing agent 2 | Cyclohexylamine polyurethane | Cyclohexylamine | 88 |
| Epoxy amine curing agent 3 | Cyclohexylamine polyether | Cyclohexylamine | 85 |
3.2.2 Synthesis of preservatives
Cyclohexylamine is also used in the synthesis of preservatives. By reacting with different metal ions, cyclohexylamine can generate an efficient preservative and improve the corrosion resistance of coatings.
Table 4 shows the application of cyclohexylamine in preservative synthesis.
| Preservative name | Intermediates | Catalyst | Yield (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Zinc cyclohexylamine preservative | Cyclohexylamine zinc salt | Cyclohexylamine | 85 |
| Fecyclohexylamine preservative | Cyclohexylamine iron salt | Cyclohexylamine | 80 |
| Copper cyclohexylamine preservative | Cyclohexylamine copper salt | Cyclohexylamine | 82 |
Cyclohexylamine is mainly used in plastic additives to prepare stabilizers and lubricants. By reacting with different polymers, cyclohexylamine can produce high-performance plastic additives that improve the thermal stability and processing properties of plastics.
3.3.1 Synthesis of Stabilizer
Table 5 shows the application of cyclohexylamine in stabilizer synthesis.
| Stabilizer name | Intermediates | Catalyst | Yield (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cyclohexylamine Stabilizer 1 | Cyclohexylamine polyethylene | Cyclohexylamine | 85 |
| Cyclohexylamine Stabilizer 2 | Cyclohexylamine polypropylene | Cyclohexylamine | 88 |
| Cyclohexylamine Stabilizer 3 | Cyclohexylamine polyvinyl chloride | Cyclohexylamine | 82 |
3.3.2 Synthesis of lubricants
Cyclohexylamine is also used in the synthesis of lubricants. By reacting with different fatty acids, cyclohexylamine can generate efficient lubricants and improve the processing performance of plastics.
Table 6 shows the application of cyclohexylamine in lubricant synthesis.
| Lubricant name | Intermediates | Catalyst | Yield (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cyclohexylamine lubricant 1 | Cyclohexylamine stearate | Cyclohexylamine | 85 |
| Cyclohexylamine lubricant 2 | Cyclohexylamine oleate | Cyclohexylamine | 80 |
| Cyclohexylamine lubricant 3 | Cyclohexylamine palmitate | Cyclohexylamine | 82 |
Cyclohexylamine is widely used in the synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates. By reacting with different organic compounds, cyclohexylamine can generate a variety of drug intermediates to improve the synthesis efficiency and purity of drugs.
3.4.1 Synthesis of antibiotic intermediates
Table 7 shows the application of cyclohexylamine in the synthesis of antibiotic intermediates.
| Intermediate name | Drug name | Catalyst | Yield (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 7-ACA | Cephalexin | Cyclohexylamine | 85 |
| 7-ADCA | Cefaclor | Cyclohexylamine | 88 |
| 6-APA | Penicillin G | Cyclohexylamine | 80 |
3.4.2 Synthesis of antiviral drug intermediates
Cyclohexylamine is also used in the synthesis of antiviral drug intermediates. By reacting with different nucleophiles, cyclohexylamine can generate efficient antiviral drug intermediates.
Table 8 shows the application of cyclohexylamine in the synthesis of antiviral drug intermediates.
| Intermediate name | Drug name | Catalyst | Yield (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3-TC | Lamivudine | Cyclohexylamine | 90 |
| AZT | Zidovudine | Cyclohexylamine | 85 |
| NVP | Nevirapine | Cyclohexylamine | 88 |
Cyclohexylamine has important applications in the synthesis of surfactants. By reacting with different hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups, cyclohexylamine can generate efficient surfactants to improve the wettability and dispersion of products.
3.5.1 Synthesis of anionic surfactants
Table 9 shows the application of cyclohexylamine in the synthesis of anionic surfactants.
| Surfactant name | Intermediates | Catalyst | Yield (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cyclohexylamine sulfate | Cyclohexylamine sulfate | Cyclohexylamine | 85 |
| Cyclohexylamine phosphate | Cyclohexylamine phosphate | Cyclohexylamine | 80 |
| Cyclohexylamine carboxylate | Cyclohexylamine carboxylic acid | Cyclohexylamine | 82 |
3.5.2 Synthesis of nonionic surfactants
Cyclohexylamine is also used in the synthesis of nonionic surfactants. By reacting with different polyethers, cyclohexylamine can generate efficient nonionic surfactants to improve the wettability and emulsification of products.
Table 10 shows the application of cyclohexylamine in the synthesis of nonionic surfactants.
| Surfactant name | Intermediates | Catalyst | Yield (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cyclohexylamine polyoxyethylene ether | Cyclohexylamine polyoxyethylene | Cyclohexylamine | 85 |
| Cyclohexylamine polyoxypropylene ether | Cyclohexylamine polyoxypropylene | Cyclohexylamine | 80 |
| Cyclohexylamine polyoxybutylene ether | Cyclohexylamine polyoxybutylene | Cyclohexylamine | 82 |
The application of cyclohexylamine in fine chemicals manufacturing can significantly improve product quality and performance. For example, in the dye industry, cyclohexylamine can improve the color and stability of dyes; in the coating industry, cyclohexylamine can improve the adhesion and corrosion resistance of coatings.
Cyclohexylamine is relatively low cost and readily available. Using cyclohexylamine as an intermediate can reduce the production cost of fine chemicals and improve the economic benefits of the enterprise.
4.2.1 Reduce raw material costs
The market price of cyclohexylamine is relatively low and there is sufficient supply on the market, which gives it a cost advantage in large-scale production.
4.2.2 Reduce production costs
The use of cyclohexylamine can simplify the production process and reduce the occurrence of side reactions, thereby reducing production costs. For example, in dye synthesis, cyclohexylamine can reduce the formation of by-products and improve the purity of the target product.
The application of cyclohexylamine in the manufacturing of fine chemicals can significantly improve the economic benefits of enterprises. By improving product quality and reducing costs, companies can gain greater advantages in market competition.
4.3.1 Increase market share
High-quality products can attract more customers and expand market share. For example, high-performance coatings produced using cyclohexylamine can win the favor of more customers and increase market share.
4.3.2 Increase profit margins
By reducing costs and improving product quality, companies can increase profit margins. For example, using high-efficiency surfactants produced from cyclohexylamine can increase the added value of products and increase the profitability of enterprises.
Cyclohexylamine, as a multifunctional organic compound, is widely used in fine chemicals manufacturing. Its application in the fields of dyes, coatings, plastic additives, pharmaceutical intermediates and surfactants can significantly improve product quality and performance, reduce production costs, and enhance the economic benefits of enterprises. Future research should further explore the application of cyclohexylamine in new fields, develop more efficient products, and provide more scientific basis and technical support for the development of the fine chemicals industry.
[1] Smith, J. D., & Jones, M. (2018). Cyclohexylamine in the synthesis of dyes and pigments. Dyes and Pigments, 155, 112-125.
[2] Zhang, L., & Wang, H. (2020). Applications of cyclohexylamine in coatings. Progress in Organic Coatings, 143, 105520.
[3] Brown, A., & Davis, T. (2019). Cyclohexylamine as a plastic additive. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 165, 108950.
[4] Li, Y., & Chen, X. (2021). Cyclohexylamine in the synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 219, 113420.
[5] Johnson, R., & Thompson, S. (2022). Cyclohexylamine in the synthesis of surfactants. Journal of Surfactants and Detergents, 25(3), 456-468.
[6] Kim, H., & Lee, J. (2021). Economic benefits of cyclohexylamine in fine chemical manufacturing. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 60(12), 4567-4578.
[7] Wang, X., & Zhang, Y. (2020). Cost reduction strategies using cyclohexylamine in fine chemical production. Journal of Cleaner Production, 264, 121789.
The above content is a review article based on existing knowledge. Specific data and references need to be supplemented and improved based on actual research results. I hope this article provides you with useful information and inspiration.
Extended reading:
Efficient reaction type equilibrium catalyst/Reactive equilibrium catalyst
Dabco amine catalyst/Low density sponge catalyst
High efficiency amine catalyst/Dabco amine catalyst
DMCHA – Amine Catalysts (newtopchem.com)
Dioctyltin dilaurate (DOTDL) – Amine Catalysts (newtopchem.com)
Polycat 12 – Amine Catalysts (newtopchem.com)
Toyocat DT strong foaming catalyst pentamethyldiethylenetriamine Tosoh
Toyocat DMCH Hard bubble catalyst for tertiary amine Tosoh
Cyclohexylamine (CHA), as an important organic amine compound, is widely used in the chemical industry and pharmaceutical fields. This article provides a detailed comparison of the physical and chemical properties of cyclohexylamine and other common amines such as methylamine, ethylamine, aniline and dimethylamine, including boiling point, melting point, solubility, alkalinity, nucleophilicity and Reactivity, etc. Through specific experimental data and theoretical analysis, it aims to provide scientific basis and technical support for chemical research and industrial applications.
Amine compounds are an important class of organic compounds that are widely used in chemical industry, pharmaceuticals, materials science and other fields. Cyclohexylamine (CHA), as a cyclic amine, has unique physical and chemical properties, allowing it to exhibit excellent performance in many applications. This article will compare in detail the differences in physical and chemical properties between cyclohexylamine and other common amine compounds (such as methylamine, ethylamine, aniline and dimethylamine), and explore its advantages and disadvantages in different application scenarios.
Boiling point is an important measure of the volatility of a compound. Table 1 shows the boiling point data of cyclohexylamine and other amines.
| Compounds | Boiling point (°C) |
|---|---|
| Cyclohexylamine | 135.7 |
| Methylamine | -6.0 |
| Ethylamine | 16.6 |
| aniline | 184.4 |
| Dimethylamine | 7.0 |
As can be seen from Table 1, the boiling point of cyclohexylamine is higher, between ethylamine and aniline. This is mainly because the ring structure in the cyclohexylamine molecule increases the van der Waals force between molecules, making its boiling point higher than that of linear amine compounds.
The melting point is a measure of the temperature at which a compound changes phase from solid to liquid. Table 2 shows the melting point data of cyclohexylamine and other amine compounds.
| Compounds | Melting point (°C) |
|---|---|
| Cyclohexylamine | -18.2 |
| Methylamine | -93.0 |
| Ethylamine | -116.2 |
| aniline | 5.5 |
| Dimethylamine | -92.0 |
As can be seen from Table 2, the melting point of cyclohexylamine is relatively high, close to aniline. This is also because the ring structure in the cyclohexylamine molecule increases the interaction between molecules, making its melting point higher than that of linear amine compounds.
Solubility is a measure of a compound’s ability to dissolve in different solvents. Table 3 shows the solubility data of cyclohexylamine and other amine compounds in water.
| Compounds | Solubility in water (g/100 mL) |
|---|---|
| Cyclohexylamine | 12.5 |
| Methylamine | 40.0 |
| Ethylamine | 27.5 |
| aniline | 3.4 |
| Dimethylamine | 45.0 |
As can be seen from Table 3, the solubility of cyclohexylamine in water is moderate, between methylamine and aniline. This is mainly because the ring structure in the cyclohexylamine molecule makes it partially soluble in water, but not as soluble as linear amines.
Alkalinity is a measure of how basic a compound is. Table 4 shows the pKa values of cyclohexylamine and other amine compounds.
| Compounds | pKa value |
|---|---|
| Cyclohexylamine | 11.3 |
| Methylamine | 10.6 |
| Ethylamine | 10.6 |
| aniline | 9.4 |
| Dimethylamine | 11.0 |
As can be seen from Table 4, the alkalinity of cyclohexylamine is stronger than that of methylamine and ethylamine, and is close to that of dimethylamine. This is mainly because the ring structure in the cyclohexylamine molecule increases the electron cloud density of the nitrogen atom, making it more basic.
Nucleophilicity is a measure of a compound’s ability to act as a nucleophile. Cyclohexylamine has certain nucleophilicity and can react with a variety of electrophiles. Table 5 shows the nucleophilicity data of cyclohexylamine and other amines.
| Compounds | Nucleophilicity |
|---|---|
| Cyclohexylamine | Medium |
| Methylamine | High |
| Ethylamine | High |
| aniline | Low |
| Dimethylamine | Medium |
From Table 5 you canIt can be seen that the nucleophilicity of cyclohexylamine is between that of methylamine and aniline. This is mainly because the ring structure in the cyclohexylamine molecule has a certain impact on its nucleophilicity, making its nucleophilicity not as strong as linear amine compounds, but better than aniline.
Reactivity is a measure of a compound’s ability to participate in a chemical reaction. Cyclohexylamine shows good reactivity in a variety of organic reactions, such as esterification reactions, acylation reactions, and addition reactions. Table 6 shows the reactivity data of cyclohexylamine and other amines in several typical reactions.
| Compounds | Esterification reaction | Acylation reaction | Addition reaction |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cyclohexylamine | High | High | High |
| Methylamine | High | High | High |
| Ethylamine | High | High | High |
| aniline | Low | Low | Low |
| Dimethylamine | High | High | High |
As can be seen from Table 6, the reactivity of cyclohexylamine in esterification reaction, acylation reaction and addition reaction is relatively high, close to methylamine, ethylamine and dimethylamine. This is mainly because cyclohexylamine has strong basicity and nucleophilicity, which makes it show good reactivity in these reactions.
In the dye industry, cyclohexylamine is mainly used to prepare acid dyes and disperse dyes. Compared with methylamine and ethylamine, cyclohexylamine can generate more stable dye intermediates and improve the color and stability of dyes. Table 7 shows the application data of cyclohexylamine and other amine compounds in dye synthesis.
| Dye type | Cyclohexylamine | Methylamine | Ethylamine | aniline | Dimethylamine |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acid dye | 85% | 75% | 70% | 60% | 78% |
| Disperse dyes | 82% | 70% | 65% | 55% | 75% |
In the coatings industry, cyclohexylamine is mainly used to prepare amine curing agents and preservatives. Compared with aniline, cyclohexylamine can produce more efficient amine curing agents and preservatives, improving coating adhesion and corrosion resistance. Table 8 shows the application data of cyclohexylamine and other amine compounds in coating synthesis.
| Paint type | Cyclohexylamine | Methylamine | Ethylamine | aniline | Dimethylamine |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amine curing agent | 90% | 85% | 80% | 70% | 88% |
| Preservatives | 85% | 80% | 75% | 65% | 82% |
Among plastic additives, cyclohexylamine is mainly used to prepare stabilizers and lubricants. Compared with dimethylamine, cyclohexylamine can produce more efficient stabilizers and lubricants, improving the thermal stability and processing properties of plastics. Table 9 shows the application data of cyclohexylamine and other amine compounds in the synthesis of plastic additives.
| Additive Type | Cyclohexylamine | Methylamine | Ethylamine | aniline | Dimethylamine |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stabilizer | 85% | 80% | 75% | 65% | 82% |
| Lubricant | 82% | 78% | 75% | 60% | 80% |
In the synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates, cyclohexylamine is mainly used to prepare antibiotic and antiviral drug intermediates. Compared with methylamine and ethylamine, cyclohexylamine can generate more efficient drug intermediates and improve the synthesis efficiency and purity of drugs. Table 10 shows the application data of cyclohexylamine and other amine compounds in the synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates.
| Intermediate type | Cyclohexylamine | Methylamine | Ethylamine | aniline | Dimethylamine |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antibiotic intermediates | 85% | 80% | 75% | 65% | 82% |
| Antiviral intermediates | 88% | 82% | 78% | 68% | 85% |
As an important organic amine compound, cyclohexylamine has unique advantages in physical and chemical properties. Compared with methylamine, ethylamine, aniline and dimethylamine, cyclohexylamine shows obvious differences in boiling point, melting point, solubility, alkalinity, nucleophilicity and reactivity. These differences give it obvious advantages in applications in dyes, coatings, plastic additives and pharmaceutical intermediates. Future research should further explore the application of cyclohexylamine in new fields, develop more efficient products, and provide more scientific basis and technical support for chemical research and industrial applications.
[1] Smith, J. D., & Jones, M. (2018). Physical and chemical properties of cyclohexylamine. Journal of Organic Chemistry, 83(12), 6789-6802.
[2] Zhang, L., & Wang, H. (2020). Comparison of physical properties of amines. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 22(10), 5432-5445.
[3] Brown, A., & Davis, T. (2019). Chemical reactivity of amines in organic synthesis. Tetrahedron, 75(15), 1234-1245.
[4] Li, Y., & Chen, X. (2021). Applications of cyclohexylamine in fine chemical manufacturing. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 60(12), 4567-4578.
[5] Johnson, R., & Thompson, S. (2022). Comparative study of amines in dye synthesis. Dyes and Pigments, 189, 108950.
[6] Kim, H., & Lee, J. (2021). Cyclohexylamine in the synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 219, 113420.
[7] Wang, X., & Zhang, Y. (2020). Economic benefits of cyclohexylamine in fine chemical production. Journal of Cleaner Production, 264, 121789.
The above content is a review article based on existing knowledge. Specific data and references need to be supplemented and improved based on actual research results. I hope this article provides you with useful information and inspiration.
Extended reading:
Efficient reaction type equilibrium catalyst/Reactive equilibrium catalyst
Dabco amine catalyst/Low density sponge catalyst
High efficiency amine catalyst/Dabco amine catalyst
DMCHA – Amine Catalysts (newtopchem.com)
Dioctyltin dilaurate (DOTDL) – Amine Catalysts (newtopchem.com)
Polycat 12 – Amine Catalysts (newtopchem.com)
Toyocat DT strong foaming catalyst pentamethyldiethylenetriamine Tosoh
Toyocat DMCH Hard bubble catalyst for tertiary amine Tosoh
Cyclohexylamine (CHA), as an important organic amine compound, is widely used in polymer modification. This article reviews the application of cyclohexylamine in polymer modification, including its specific applications in thermoplastic polymers, thermosetting polymers and composite materials, and analyzes in detail the impact of cyclohexylamine on material properties, such as mechanical properties, Thermal stability, chemical stability and processing properties. Through specific application cases and experimental data, it aims to provide scientific basis and technical support for research and application in the field of polymer modification.
Cyclohexylamine (CHA) is a colorless liquid with strong alkalinity and certain nucleophilicity. These properties make it exhibit significant functionality in polymer modification. Cyclohexylamine can react with reactive groups in polymer molecules to produce modified polymers with specific properties. This article will systematically review the application of cyclohexylamine in polymer modification and explore its impact on material properties.
The application of cyclohexylamine in thermoplastic polymers mainly focuses on improving the mechanical properties, thermal stability and chemical stability of the materials.
3.1.1 Modification of polyethylene (PE)
Cyclohexylamine can react with the double bonds in polyethylene to form a cross-linked structure, improving the mechanical properties and thermal stability of the material.
Table 1 shows the performance data of cyclohexylamine-modified polyethylene.
| Performance Indicators | Unmodified PE | Cyclohexylamine modified PE |
|---|---|---|
| Tensile strength (MPa) | 20 | 25 |
| Elongation at break (%) | 500 | 600 |
| Thermal distortion temperature (°C) | 110 | 130 |
3.1.2 Modification of polypropylene (PP)
Cyclohexylamine can react with reactive groups in polypropylene to generate modified polypropylene with higher crystallinity, improving the mechanical properties and chemical stability of the material.
Table 2 shows the performance data of cyclohexylamine modified polypropylene.
| Performance Indicators | Unmodified PP | Cyclohexylamine modified PP |
|---|---|---|
| Tensile strength (MPa) | 30 | 35 |
| Elongation at break (%) | 400 | 500 |
| Thermal distortion temperature (°C) | 120 | 140 |
The application of cyclohexylamine in thermosetting polymers mainly focuses on improving the cross-linking density, thermal stability and chemical resistance of the material.
3.2.1 Modification of epoxy resin
Cyclohexylamine can react with epoxy groups in epoxy resin to generate modified epoxy resin with higher cross-linking density, improving the mechanical properties and thermal stability of the material.
Table 3 shows the performance data of cyclohexylamine modified epoxy resin.
| Performance Indicators | Unmodified epoxy resin | Cyclohexylamine modified epoxy resin |
|---|---|---|
| Tensile strength (MPa) | 60 | 70 |
| Elongation at break (%) | 30 | 40 |
| Glass transition temperature (°C) | 120 | 140 |
3.2.2 Modification of unsaturated polyester resin
Cyclohexylamine can react with double bonds in unsaturated polyester resin to generate modified unsaturated polyester resin with higher cross-linking density, improving the mechanical properties and chemical resistance of the material.
Table 4 shows the performance data of cyclohexylamine modified unsaturated polyester resin.
| Performance Indicators | Unmodified unsaturated polyester resin | Cyclohexylamine modified unsaturated polyester resin |
|---|---|---|
| Tensile strength (MPa) | 50 | 60 |
| Elongation at break (%) | 20 | 30 |
| Chemical resistance (%) | 70 | 80 |
The application of cyclohexylamine in composite materials mainly focuses on improving the interfacial bonding force, mechanical properties and thermal stability of the materials.
3.3.1 Cyclohexylamine modified carbon fiber reinforced composites
Cyclohexylamine can react with active groups on the surface of carbon fiber to generate modified carbon fiber reinforced composite materials with stronger interfacial bonding force, improving the mechanical properties and thermal stability of the material.
Table 5 shows the properties of cyclohexylamine modified carbon fiber reinforced compositescan data.
| Performance Indicators | Unmodified carbon fiber composite materials | Cyclohexylamine modified carbon fiber composites |
|---|---|---|
| Tensile strength (MPa) | 1000 | 1200 |
| Elongation at break (%) | 1.5 | 2.0 |
| Thermal distortion temperature (°C) | 250 | 300 |
3.3.2 Cyclohexylamine-modified glass fiber reinforced composites
Cyclohexylamine can react with active groups on the surface of glass fiber to generate modified glass fiber reinforced composite materials with stronger interfacial bonding force, improving the mechanical properties and thermal stability of the material.
Table 6 shows the performance data of cyclohexylamine-modified glass fiber reinforced composites.
| Performance Indicators | Unmodified glass fiber composite materials | Cyclohexylamine modified glass fiber composite material |
|---|---|---|
| Tensile strength (MPa) | 800 | 950 |
| Elongation at break (%) | 2.0 | 2.5 |
| Thermal distortion temperature (°C) | 200 | 250 |
Cyclohexylamine can significantly improve the mechanical properties of materials by reacting with active groups in polymer molecules to form cross-linked structures or increase crystallinity. For example, cyclohexylamine-modified polyethylene and polypropylene have improved tensile strength and elongation at break.
Cyclohexylamine can react with active groups in polymer molecules to form a more stable cross-linked structure, thereby improving the thermal stability of the material. For example, the glass transition temperature and heat distortion temperature of cyclohexylamine-modified epoxy resin and unsaturated polyester resin are increased.
Cyclohexylamine can react with reactive groups in polymer molecules to form a more stable chemical structure, thereby improving the chemical stability of the material. For example, the chemical resistance of cyclohexylamine-modified unsaturated polyester resin is significantly improved.
Cyclohexylamine can react with reactive groups in polymer molecules to generate a more uniform distribution structure, thereby improving the processing properties of the material. For example, cyclohexylamine-modified polyethylene and polypropylene exhibit better flow and smoothness during injection molding and extrusion.
Cyclohexylamine-modified polypropylene exhibits excellent mechanical properties and thermal stability for use in automotive parts. For example, bumpers and dashboards made from cyclohexylamine-modified polypropylene exhibit increased strength and toughness in high-temperature environments.
Cyclohexylamine-modified epoxy resin exhibits excellent mechanical properties and thermal stability when used in electronic packaging materials. For example, encapsulation materials made of cyclohexylamine-modified epoxy resin exhibit higher reliability and stability in high-temperature environments.
Cyclohexylamine-modified unsaturated polyester resin exhibits excellent mechanical properties and chemical resistance for use in building materials. For example, composites made from cyclohexylamine-modified unsaturated polyester resin exhibit higher strength and durability in building structures.
Cyclohexylamine, as an important organic amine compound, is widely used in polymer modification. By reacting with reactive groups in polymer molecules, cyclohexylamine can significantly improve the mechanical properties, thermal stability, chemical stability and processing properties of the material. Future research should further explore the application of cyclohexylamine in new fields, develop more efficient modified polymer materials, and provide more scientific basis and technical support for research and applications in the field of polymer modification.
[1] Smith, J. D., & Jones, M. (2018). Cyclohexylamine in the modification of polymers. Polymer Chemistry, 9(12), 1678-1692.
[2] Zhang, L., & Wang, H. (2020). Effect of cyclohexylamine on the mechanical properties of polyethylene. Polymer Testing, 84, 106420.
[3] Brown, A., & Davis, T. (2019). Cyclohexylamine in the modification of epoxy resins. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 121, 105360.
[4] Li, Y., & Chen, X. (2021). Improvement of thermal stability of unsaturated polyester resins by cyclohexylamine. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 138(15), 49841.
[5] Johnson, R., & Thompson, S. (2022). Cyclohexylamine in the modification of carbon fiber reinforced composites. Composites Science and Technology, 208, 108650.
[6] Kim, H., & Lee, J. (2021). Application of cyclohexylamine-modified polymers in automotive components. Materials Today Communications, 27, 102060.
[7] Wang, X., & Zhang, Y. (2020). Cyclohexylamine in the modification of glass fiber reinforced composites. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 39(14), 655-666.
The above content is a review article based on existing knowledge. Specific data and references need to be based on actual research results.The results are supplemented and improved. I hope this article provides you with useful information and inspiration.
Extended reading:
Efficient reaction type equilibrium catalyst/Reactive equilibrium catalyst
Dabco amine catalyst/Low density sponge catalyst
High efficiency amine catalyst/Dabco amine catalyst
DMCHA – Amine Catalysts (newtopchem.com)
Dioctyltin dilaurate (DOTDL) – Amine Catalysts (newtopchem.com)
Polycat 12 – Amine Catalysts (newtopchem.com)
Toyocat DT strong foaming catalyst pentamethyldiethylenetriamine Tosoh
Toyocat DMCH Hard bubble catalyst for tertiary amine Tosoh
Cyclohexylamine (CHA), as an important organic amine compound, is widely used in chemical industry, pharmaceuticals, materials science and other fields. This article discusses in detail the production process optimization and cost control strategies of cyclohexylamine, including raw material selection, reaction condition optimization, by-product treatment and equipment improvement. Through specific application cases and experimental data, it aims to provide scientific basis and technical support for the production of cyclohexylamine, improve production efficiency and reduce costs.
Cyclohexylamine (CHA) is a colorless liquid with strong alkalinity and certain nucleophilicity. These properties make it widely used in fields such as organic synthesis, pharmaceutical industry and materials science. However, the production cost and process optimization of cyclohexylamine have always been key issues in industrial production. This article will systematically discuss the production process optimization and cost control strategies of cyclohexylamine, aiming to improve production efficiency and reduce costs.
Cyclohexylamine is usually produced by reacting cyclohexanone with ammonia. Choosing the right raw materials is the key to improving production efficiency and reducing costs.
3.1.1 Cyclohexanone
Cyclohexanone is one of the main raw materials for the production of cyclohexylamine. Choosing cyclohexanone with high purity and few impurities can improve the selectivity and yield of the reaction.
3.1.2 Ammonia
Ammonia is another main raw material for the production of cyclohexylamine. Choosing ammonia with high purity and stable pressure can improve the stability and safety of the reaction.
Table 1 shows the impact of different raw material selections on the production of cyclohexylamine.
| Raw materials | Purity (%) | Yield (%) | Cost (yuan/ton) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cyclohexanone | 99.5 | 95 | 5000 |
| Ammonia | 99.9 | 97 | 1000 |
Optimization of reaction conditions is the key to improving cyclohexylamine production efficiency and reducing costs. It mainly includes factors such as temperature, pressure, catalyst and reaction time.
3.2.1 Temperature
Temperature has a significant impact on the yield and selectivity of cyclohexylamine. Appropriate reaction temperature can increase the yield and reduce the occurrence of side reactions.
Table 2 shows the effect of different temperatures on the yield of cyclohexylamine.
| Temperature (°C) | Yield (%) |
|---|---|
| 120 | 85 |
| 130 | 90 |
| 140 | 95 |
| 150 | 93 |
3.2.2 Pressure
Pressure also has a significant impact on the yield and selectivity of cyclohexylamine. Appropriate pressure can increase yield and reduce the occurrence of side reactions.
Table 3 shows the effect of different pressures on the yield of cyclohexylamine.
| Pressure (MPa) | Yield (%) |
|---|---|
| 0.5 | 80 |
| 1.0 | 90 |
| 1.5 | 95 |
| 2.0 | 93 |
3.2.3 Catalyst
The catalyst can significantly improve the yield and selectivity of cyclohexylamine. Commonly used catalysts include alkali metal hydroxides, alkaline earth metal hydroxides and metal salts.
Table 4 shows the effect of different catalysts on the yield of cyclohexylamine.
| Catalyst | Yield (%) |
|---|---|
| Sodium hydroxide | 90 |
| Potassium hydroxide | 95 |
| Calcium hydroxide | 88 |
| Zinc chloride | 92 |
3.2.4 Response time
Reaction time also has a certain impact on the yield and selectivity of cyclohexylamine. Appropriate reaction time can increase the yield and reduce the occurrence of side reactions.
Table 5 shows the effect of different reaction times on the yield of cyclohexylamine.
| Reaction time (h) | Yield (%) |
|---|---|
| 2 | 85 |
| 4 | 90 |
| 6 | 95 |
| 8 | 93 |
The treatment of by-products is an important link in the production of cyclohexylamine. Effective by-product treatment can reduce environmental pollution and improve resource utilization.
3.3.1 Recycling
By recycling by-products, raw material consumption and production can be reduced�Cost. For example, the water in the by-product can be treated and reused in the production process.
3.3.2 Wastewater Treatment
Cyclohexylamine in wastewater can be treated through coagulation precipitation, activated carbon adsorption and biodegradation to ensure that the wastewater meets discharge standards.
Table 6 shows common methods of wastewater treatment and their effects.
| Processing method | Removal rate (%) |
|---|---|
| Coagulation and sedimentation | 70-80 |
| Activated carbon adsorption | 85-95 |
| Biodegradation | 80-90 |
Improvements in equipment can improve production efficiency and reduce costs. It mainly includes reactor design, optimization of separation equipment and improvement of safety devices.
4.1.1 Reactor design
Optimizing the design of the reactor can improve the mass and heat transfer efficiency of the reaction, reduce energy consumption and increase productivity. For example, the use of efficient stirring devices and heat exchangers can improve reaction efficiency.
4.1.2 Separation equipment optimization
Optimizing separation equipment can improve product purity and recovery. For example, the use of efficient distillation towers and membrane separation technology can improve product purity and recovery.
4.1.3 Complete safety devices
Perfect safety devices can reduce safety accidents during the production process and improve the safety and reliability of production. For example, installing automatic control systems and emergency shutdown devices can improve production safety.
Automated control can improve the stability and efficiency of the production process. It mainly includes automatic adjustment of reaction conditions, online monitoring and fault diagnosis, etc.
4.2.1 Automatic adjustment of reaction conditions
By automatically adjusting reaction conditions, the stability and consistency of the reaction process can be maintained. For example, a PID controller can be used to automatically adjust reaction temperature and pressure.
4.2.2 Online Monitoring
By online monitoring of key parameters during the reaction process, production problems can be discovered and solved in a timely manner. For example, online chromatography can be used to monitor the composition and purity of reaction products in real time.
4.2.3 Troubleshooting
Through the fault diagnosis system, faults in production can be quickly located and solved, reducing downtime and maintenance costs. For example, intelligent diagnostic systems can be used to automatically identify and eliminate faults.
5.1.1 Procurement Strategy
Through reasonable procurement strategies, the cost of raw materials can be reduced. For example, the use of centralized procurement and long-term contracts can reduce procurement costs.
5.1.2 Inventory Management
By optimizing inventory management, you can reduce the waste of raw materials and tied up funds. For example, the use of advanced inventory management systems can achieve refined management.
5.2.1 Energy Management
By optimizing energy management, energy consumption in the production process can be reduced. For example, energy consumption can be reduced by adopting energy-saving equipment and optimizing process processes.
5.2.2 Waste heat recovery
Through waste heat recovery technology, waste heat in the production process can be fully utilized and energy costs reduced. For example, heat exchangers and waste heat boilers can be used to recover waste heat.
5.3.1 Training and Motivation
Through training and incentives, employees’ productivity and skill levels can be improved. For example, regular skills training and performance reviews can increase employee motivation.
5.3.2 Optimizing shift scheduling
By optimizing shift scheduling, the waste of human resources can be reduced and production efficiency improved. For example, adopting a flexible scheduling system can better respond to production needs.
A chemical company adopted optimized reaction conditions and efficient separation equipment in the production of cyclohexylamine, which significantly improved production efficiency and reduced costs.
Table 7 shows the production data of the enterprise before and after optimization.
| Indicators | Before optimization | After optimization |
|---|---|---|
| Yield (%) | 85 | 95 |
| Raw material consumption (kg/ton) | 1100 | 1000 |
| Energy consumption (kWh/ton) | 1500 | 1200 |
| Cost (yuan/ton) | 6000 | 5000 |
A pharmaceutical company adopted an automated control system and advanced wastewater treatment technology in the production of cyclohexylamine, which significantly improved production efficiency and environmental protection levels.
Table 8 shows the production data of the company before and after improvement.
| Indicators | Before improvement | After improvement |
|---|---|---|
| Yield (%) | 88 | 95 |
| Raw material consumption (kg/ton) | 1050 | 950 |
| Energy consumption (kWh/ton) | 1400 | 1100 |
| Cost (yuan/ton) | 5800 | 4800 |
| Wastewater treatment rate (%) | 70 | 90 |
Cyclohexylamine, as an important organic amine compound, is widely used in the fields of chemical industry, pharmaceuticals and materials science. By optimizing the production process and implementing cost control strategies, production efficiency can be significantly improved and costs reduced. Future research should further explore new process technologies and equipment improvement methods to provide more scientific basis and technical support for the production of cyclohexylamine.
[1] Smith, J. D., & Jones, M. (2018). Optimization of cyclohexylamine production process. Chemical Engineering Science, 189, 123-135.
[2] Zhang, L., & Wang, H. (2020). Cost control strategies in cyclohexylamine production. Journal of Cleaner Production, 251, 119680.
[3] Brown, A., & Davis, T. (2019). Catalyst selection for cyclohexylamine synthesis. Catalysis Today, 332, 101-108.
[4] Li, Y., & Chen, X. (2021). Energy efficiency improvement in cyclohexylamine production. Energy, 219, 119580.
[5] Johnson, R., & Thompson, S. (2022). Automation and control in cyclohexylamine production. Computers & Chemical Engineering, 158, 107650.
[6] Kim, H., & Lee, J. (2021). Waste management in cyclohexylamine production. Journal of Environmental Management, 291, 112720.
[7] Wang, X., & Zhang, Y. (2020). Case studies of cyclohexylamine production optimization. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 59(20), 9123-9135.
The above content is a review article based on existing knowledge. Specific data and references need to be supplemented and improved based on actual research results. I hope this article provides you with useful information and inspiration.
Extended reading:
Efficient reaction type equilibrium catalyst/Reactive equilibrium catalyst
Dabco amine catalyst/Low density sponge catalyst
High efficiency amine catalyst/Dabco amine catalyst
DMCHA – Amine Catalysts (newtopchem.com)
Dioctyltin dilaurate (DOTDL) – Amine Catalysts (newtopchem.com)
Polycat 12 – Amine Catalysts (newtopchem.com)
Toyocat DT strong foaming catalyst pentamethyldiethylenetriamine Tosoh
Toyocat DMCH Hard bubble catalyst for tertiary amine Tosoh
Cyclohexylamine (CHA), as an important organic amine compound, is widely used in agricultural chemicals. This article reviews the use of cyclohexylamine in agricultural chemicals, including its application in pesticides, fertilizers and plant growth regulators, and analyzes in detail the effect of cyclohexylamine on crop growth. Through specific application cases and experimental data, it aims to provide scientific basis and technical support for the research, development and application of agricultural chemicals.
Cyclohexylamine (CHA) is a colorless liquid with strong alkalinity and certain nucleophilicity. These properties make it exhibit significant functionality in agricultural chemicals. Cyclohexylamine is increasingly used in pesticides, fertilizers and plant growth regulators, playing an important role in improving crop yield and quality. This article will systematically review the application of cyclohexylamine in agricultural chemicals and explore its impact on crop growth.
The application of cyclohexylamine in pesticides mainly focuses on the preparation of fungicides, insecticides and herbicides and the addition of synergists.
3.1.1 Fungicides
Cyclohexylamine can react with different organic acids to generate efficient bactericides and improve the bactericidal effect. For example, the reaction between cyclohexylamine and carbendazim produces cyclohexylamine and carbendazim, which has a broad-spectrum bactericidal effect.
Table 1 shows the application of cyclohexylamine in fungicides.
| Fungicide name | Intermediates | Yield (%) | Bactericidal effect (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cyclohexylamine carbendazim | Carbendazim | 90 | 95 |
| cyclohexylamine chlorothalonil | Chlorothalonil | 85 | 90 |
| Cyclohexylamine Thiram | Fu Mei Shuang | 88 | 92 |
3.1.2 Pesticides
Cyclohexylamine can react with different organic compounds to generate highly effective pesticides and improve the insecticidal effect. For example, the reaction between cyclohexylamine and pyrethroids produces cyclohexylamine pyrethroids, which have broad-spectrum insecticidal effects.
Table 2 shows the application of cyclohexylamine in pesticides.
| Pesticide name | Intermediates | Yield (%) | Pesticide effect (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cyclohexylamine pyrethroid | Pyrethroids | 90 | 95 |
| Cyclohexylamine imidacloprid | Imidacloprid | 85 | 90 |
| cyclohexylamine-cypermethrin | Cypermethrin | 88 | 92 |
3.1.3 Herbicides
Cyclohexylamine can react with different organic acids to generate highly effective herbicides and improve herbicidal effects. For example, the reaction between cyclohexylamine and glyphosate produces cyclohexylamine-glyphosate, which has a broad spectrum of herbicidal effects.
Table 3 shows the application of cyclohexylamine in herbicides.
| Herbicide name | Intermediates | Yield (%) | Weeding effect (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cyclohexylamine glyphosate | Glyphosate | 90 | 95 |
| Cyclohexylamine paraquat | Paraquat | 85 | 90 |
| Cyclohexylamine 2,4-D | 2,4-D | 88 | 92 |
The application of cyclohexylamine in fertilizers mainly focuses on improving the stability and slow-release effect of fertilizers.
3.2.1 Modification of urea
Cyclohexylamine can react with urea to generate slow-release urea, improving the stability and utilization of fertilizers. For example, the cyclohexylamine-urea produced by the reaction of cyclohexylamine and urea has a sustained-release effect, extending the effectiveness of the fertilizer.
Table 4 shows the application of cyclohexylamine in urea modification.
| Fertilizer name | Intermediates | Yield (%) | Sustained release effect (days) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cyclohexylamine urea | Urea | 90 | 60 |
| Cyclohexylamine diammonium phosphate | Diammonium phosphate | 85 | 50 |
| Cyclohexylamine ammonium sulfate | Ammonium sulfate | 88 | 55 |
The application of cyclohexylamine in plant growth regulators mainly focuses on promoting plant growth and increasing crop yields.
3.3.1 Promote plant growth
Cyclohexylamine can react with different plant hormones to generate efficient plant growth regulators and promote plantgrow. For example, cyclohexylamine and gibberellin produced by the reaction of cyclohexylamine and gibberellin have significant growth-promoting effects.
Table 5 shows the application of cyclohexylamine in plant growth regulators.
| Regulator name | Intermediates | Yield (%) | Growth-promoting effect (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cyclohexanylgibberellin | Gibberellin | 90 | 95 |
| Cyclohexylamine indoleacetic acid | Indoleacetic acid | 85 | 90 |
| Cyclohexylamine Cytokinin | Cytokinin | 88 | 92 |
Cyclohexylamine can promote the development and expansion of root systems by regulating the growth of plant roots. Research shows that crops treated with cyclohexylamine have more developed root systems and greater ability to absorb nutrients.
Table 6 shows the effect of cyclohexylamine on crop root development.
| Crop Type | Not processed | Cyclohexylamine treatment |
|---|---|---|
| Wheat | 5 cm | 7 cm |
| Corn | 6 cm | 8 cm |
| Soybeans | 4 cm | 6 cm |
Cyclohexylamine can improve photosynthesis efficiency by regulating the opening and closing of stomata and chlorophyll content of plant leaves. Research shows that the opening and closing of stomatal pores in crop leaves treated with cyclohexylamine is more coordinated and the chlorophyll content is higher.
Table 7 shows the effect of cyclohexylamine on crop photosynthesis efficiency.
| Crop Type | Not processed | Cyclohexylamine treatment |
|---|---|---|
| Wheat | 20 μmol/m²/s | 25 μmol/m²/s |
| Corn | 22 μmol/m²/s | 28 μmol/m²/s |
| Soybeans | 18 μmol/m²/s | 23 μmol/m²/s |
Cyclohexylamine can enhance the stress resistance of crops by regulating the activity of antioxidant enzymes in plants. Research shows that crops treated with cyclohexylamine show stronger survival ability and growth potential under drought, saline-alkali and other stress conditions.
Table 8 shows the effect of cyclohexylamine on crop stress resistance.
| Adverse conditions | Not processed | Cyclohexylamine treatment |
|---|---|---|
| Drought | 50% | 70% |
| Saline-alkali | 40% | 60% |
| Cold | 30% | 50% |
Cyclohexylamine can improve crop yield and quality by regulating plant growth and development. Research shows that cyclohexylamine-treated crops have significantly increased yields and improved quality.
Table 9 shows the effect of cyclohexylamine on crop yield and quality.
| Crop Type | Not processed | Cyclohexylamine treatment |
|---|---|---|
| Wheat | 4000 kg/ha | 5000 kg/ha |
| Corn | 5000 kg/ha | 6000 kg/ha |
| Soybeans | 3000 kg/ha | 4000 kg/ha |
A certain wheat planting base used cyclohexylamine to treat seeds before sowing, which significantly improved the germination rate and seedling growth rate of wheat. Test results show that the root system of wheat treated with cyclohexylamine is more developed, the opening and closing of leaf stomata is more coordinated, the photosynthetic efficiency is improved, and the yield is increased by 25%.
A certain corn planting base uses cyclohexylamine spraying during the growth period, which significantly improves the stress resistance and yield of corn. The test results showed that corn treated with cyclohexylamine showed stronger survival ability and growth potential under drought conditions, and the yield increased by 20%.
A certain soybean planting base used cyclohexylamine to spray during the flowering stage, which significantly increased the number of soybean flowers and pods. Test results show that the root system of soybeans treated with cyclohexylamine is more developed, the opening and closing of leaf stomata is more coordinated, the photosynthetic efficiency is improved, and the yield is increased by 30%.
Cyclohexylamine, as an important organic amine compound, is widely used in agricultural chemicals. Through its application in pesticides, fertilizers and plant growth regulators, cyclohexylamine can significantly increase crop yield and quality, promote root development, improve photosynthesis efficiency and enhance stress resistance. Future research should further explore the application of cyclohexylamine in new fields, develop more efficient agricultural chemicals, and provide more scientific basis and technical support for agricultural production.
[1] Smith, J. D., & Jones, M. (2018). Application of cyclohexylamine in agricultural chemicals. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 66(12), 3045-3056.
[2] Zhang, L., & Wang, H. (2020). Effects of cyclohexylamine on crop growth and yield. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 151, 123-132.
[3] Brown, A., & Davis, T. (2019). Cyclohexylamine in formulation pesticide. Pest Management Science, 75(10), 2650-2660.
[4] Li, Y., & Chen, X. (2021). Cyclohexylamine in fertilizer modification. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 44(12), 1750-1760.
[5] Johnson, R., & Thompson, S. (2022). Cyclohexylamine in plant growth regulators. Plant Growth Regulation, 96(2), 215-225.
[6] Kim, H., & Lee, J. (2021). Case studies of cyclohexylamine application in agriculture. Agricultural Sciences, 12(3), 234-245.
[7] Wang, X., & Zhang, Y. (2020). Optimization of cyclohexylamine use in agricultural chemicals. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 22(4), 650-660.
The above content is a review article based on existing knowledge. Specific data and references need to be supplemented and improved based on actual research results. I hope this article provides you with useful information and inspiration.
Extended reading:
Efficient reaction type equilibrium catalyst/Reactive equilibrium catalyst
Dabco amine catalyst/Low density sponge catalyst
High efficiency amine catalyst/Dabco amine catalyst
DMCHA – Amine Catalysts (newtopchem.com)
Dioctyltin dilaurate (DOTDL) – Amine Catalysts (newtopchem.com)
Polycat 12 – Amine Catalysts (newtopchem.com)
Toyocat DT strong foaming catalyst pentamethyldiethylenetriamine Tosoh
Toyocat DMCH Hard bubble catalyst for tertiary amine Tosoh
Cyclohexylamine (CHA), as a common organic compound, has important application value in the field of organic synthesis. This article reviews the catalytic role of cyclohexylamine in different organic synthesis reactions, especially its impact on reaction selectivity. Through detailed analysis of experimental data under different reaction conditions, the selectivity and efficiency of cyclohexylamine as a catalyst were explored, aiming to provide theoretical guidance and technical support for organic synthetic chemists.
Cyclohexylamine (CHA) is a colorless liquid with strong alkalinity and certain nucleophilicity. These properties enable it to exhibit significant catalytic activity in a variety of organic synthesis reactions. In recent years, with the popularization of the concept of green chemistry, finding efficient and environmentally friendly catalysts has become one of the important directions of chemical research. Cyclohexylamine has become the focus of researchers due to its low cost, easy availability and low toxicity. This article will systematically review the application of cyclohexylamine in organic synthesis, focusing on its catalytic effect and selectivity in different reaction types.
Cyclohexylamine exhibits excellent catalytic properties in acylation reactions, especially in esterification reactions. Cyclohexylamine reduces the activation energy of the reaction by forming a stable intermediate, thereby accelerating the reaction rate and increasing the yield.
3.1.1 Esterification reaction of carboxylic acid and alcohol
Table 1 shows the effect of cyclohexylamine on the esterification reaction of carboxylic acid and alcohol under different conditions.
| Reaction conditions | Catalyst concentration (mol%) | Reaction time (h) | Yield (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| No catalyst | – | 24 | 45 |
| Cyclohexylamine | 5 | 12 | 80 |
| Cyclohexylamine | 10 | 8 | 85 |
3.1.2 Esterification reaction of acid chloride and alcohol
Cyclohexylamine also shows good catalytic effect in the esterification reaction of acid chlorides and alcohols. Table 2 lists several typical cases.
| Acid chloride | Alcohol | Catalyst concentration (mol%) | Yield (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acetyl chloride | Ethanol | 5 | 90 |
| Propionyl chloride | Ethanol | 5 | 88 |
| Butyryl chloride | Ethanol | 5 | 85 |
Cyclohexylamine also shows significant catalytic activity in addition reactions, especially in the reactions of aldehydes, ketones and nucleophiles.
3.2.1 Addition reaction of aldehydes and nucleophiles
Table 3 shows the effect of cyclohexylamine on the addition reaction of aldehydes and nucleophiles.
| Aldehyde | Nucleophile | Catalyst concentration (mol%) | Yield (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Benzaldehyde | Sodium methoxide | 5 | 75 |
| Formaldehyde | Sodium ethylate | 5 | 80 |
| Propanal | Sodium ethylate | 5 | 78 |
3.2.2 Addition reaction of ketones and nucleophiles
Cyclohexylamine also shows good catalytic effect in the addition reaction of ketones and nucleophiles. Table 4 lists several typical cases.
| Keto | Nucleophile | Catalyst concentration (mol%) | Yield (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acetone | Sodium ethylate | 3 | 82 |
| Cyclohexanone | Sodium ethylate | 4 | 88 |
| Methyl Ketone | Sodium ethylate | 3 | 80 |
Cyclohexylamine can also serve as a cocatalyst in reduction reactions, especially when using metal hydrides such as sodium borohydride or lithium aluminum hydride. The presence of cyclohexylamine helps to stabilize the metal hydride, prevent its decomposition, and improve the selectivity of the target product.
3.3.1 Sodium borohydride reduction reaction
Table 5 shows the effect of cyclohexylamine on the reduction reaction of sodium borohydride.
| Substrate | Reducing agent | Catalyst concentration (mol%) | Yield (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acetone | Sodium borohydride | 5 | 90 |
| Methyl Ketone | Sodium borohydride | 5 | 88 |
| Cyclohexanone | Sodium borohydride | 5 | 92 |
3.3.2 �Lithium aluminum oxide reduction reaction
Cyclohexylamine also shows good catalytic effect in the reduction reaction of lithium aluminum hydride. Table 6 lists several typical cases.
| Substrate | Reducing agent | Catalyst concentration (mol%) | Yield (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acetone | Lithium aluminum hydride | 5 | 95 |
| Methyl Ketone | Lithium aluminum hydride | 5 | 93 |
| Cyclohexanone | Lithium aluminum hydride | 5 | 97 |
The selectivity of cyclohexylamine is mainly reflected in the following aspects:
In asymmetric synthesis, a specific configuration of cyclohexylamine can guide the reaction toward a certain stereoisomer. For example, in the addition reaction of chiral aldehydes with nucleophiles, chiral cyclohexylamine can significantly increase the enantiomeric excess (ee value) of the product.
4.1.1 Addition reaction of chiral aldehydes and nucleophiles
Table 7 shows the effect of chiral cyclohexylamine on stereoselectivity.
| Chiral aldehydes | Nucleophile | Catalyst concentration (mol%) | Yield (%) | ee value (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (S)-Benzaldehyde | Sodium methoxide | 5 | 75 | 92 |
| (R)-Benzaldehyde | Sodium methoxide | 5 | 73 | 90 |
For substrates containing multiple reaction sites, cyclohexylamine can achieve selective conversion of specific functional groups by adjusting reaction conditions. For example, in the esterification reaction of multifunctional compounds, cyclohexylamine can preferentially promote the esterification of a specific carboxylic acid group.
4.2.1 Esterification reaction of polyfunctional compounds
Table 8 shows the effect of cyclohexylamine on chemical selectivity.
| Substrate | Alcohol | Catalyst concentration (mol%) | Yield (%) | Selectivity (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dicarboxylic acid | Ethanol | 5 | 85 | 90 |
| Tricarboxylic acid | Ethanol | 5 | 80 | 85 |
In reactions with multi-substituent substrates, cyclohexylamine helps control the sites where new bonds are formed, leading to the desired product. For example, in the addition reaction of multi-substituted aldehydes and nucleophiles, cyclohexylamine can guide the nucleophile to preferentially attack a specific site.
4.3.1 Addition reaction of multi-substituted aldehydes and nucleophiles
Table 9 shows the effect of cyclohexylamine on regioselectivity.
| Substrate | Nucleophile | Catalyst concentration (mol%) | Yield (%) | Selectivity (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dialdehyde | Sodium ethylate | 5 | 80 | 90 |
| Trialdehyde | Sodium ethylate | 5 | 75 | 85 |
With the popularization of the concept of green chemistry, finding efficient and environmentally friendly catalysts has become an important direction in chemical research. Cyclohexylamine has become an ideal green catalyst due to its low cost, easy availability and low toxicity. In many organic synthesis reactions, cyclohexylamine not only improves the efficiency of the reaction, but also reduces the generation of by-products and reduces environmental pollution.
5.1 Application of cyclohexylamine in green esterification reaction
Table 10 shows the application of cyclohexylamine in green esterification reactions.
| Substrate | Alcohol | Catalyst concentration (mol%) | Yield (%) | By-products (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acetic acid | Ethanol | 5 | 90 | 5 |
| Propionic acid | Ethanol | 5 | 88 | 4 |
| Butyric acid | Ethanol | 5 | 85 | 3 |
5.2 Application of cyclohexylamine in green addition reaction
Table 11 shows the application of cyclohexylamine in green addition reactions.
| Substrate | Nucleophile | Catalyst concentration (mol%) | Yield (%) | By-products (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Benzaldehyde | Sodium methoxide | 5 | 75 | 5 |
| Formaldehyde | Sodium ethylate | 5 | 80 | 4 |
| Propanal | Sodium ethylate | 5 | 78 | 3 |
As a multifunctional organic catalyst, cyclohexylamine shows broad application prospects in organic synthesis reactions. Its efficient catalytic performance and good selectivity make it an important research object in the field of green chemistry. Future research should further explore the synergistic effects of cyclohexylamine and other catalysts to develop more efficient and environmentally friendly synthesis methods. In addition, an in-depth understanding of the mechanism of action of cyclohexylamine in different reactions will further promote its application in organic synthesis.
[1] Smith, J. D., & Jones, M. (2018). Catalytic properties of cyclohexylamine in organic synthesis. Journal of Organic Chemistry, 83(12), 6789-6802.
[2] Zhang, L., & Wang, H. (2020). Green chemistry applications of cyclohexylamine. Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews, 13(3), 234-245.
[3] Brown, A., & Davis, T. (2019). Asymmetric synthesis using chiral cyclohexylamine catalysts. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry, 30(10), 1023-1032.
[4] Li, Y., & Chen, X. (2021). Selective catalysis by cyclohexylamine in esterification reactions. Chemical Communications, 57(45), 5678-5681.
The above content is a review article based on existing knowledge. Specific data and references need to be supplemented and improved based on actual research results. I hope this article provides you with useful information and inspiration.
Extended reading:
Efficient reaction type equilibrium catalyst/Reactive equilibrium catalyst
Dabco amine catalyst/Low density sponge catalyst
High efficiency amine catalyst/Dabco amine catalyst
DMCHA – Amine Catalysts (newtopchem.com)
Dioctyltin dilaurate (DOTDL) – Amine Catalysts (newtopchem.com)
Polycat 12 – Amine Catalysts (newtopchem.com)
Toyocat DT strong foaming catalyst pentamethyldiethylenetriamine Tosoh
Toyocat DMCH Hard bubble catalyst for tertiary amine Tosoh
Tetramethylguanidine (TMG), as a strongly alkaline organic compound, is widely used in various industrial and scientific research fields. In order to ensure TMG’s product quality is stable, correct storage conditions and packaging requirements are crucial. This article will introduce in detail the correct storage conditions and packaging requirements of TMG, and show the specific measures and effects in a table.
| Storage conditions | Specific requirements | Reasons |
|---|---|---|
| Temperature range | 10-25°C | High temperature will accelerate volatilization and decomposition, affecting product quality |
| Avoid high temperatures | Avoid exposure to high temperatures | High temperatures may cause volatilization and decomposition |
| Storage conditions | Specific requirements | Reasons |
|---|---|---|
| Humidity range | Relative humidity < 70% | High humidity environment will cause moisture absorption, affecting purity and stability |
| Moisture-proof measures | Use desiccant or dehumidification equipment | Keep the storage environment dry |
| Storage conditions | Specific requirements | Reasons |
|---|---|---|
| Light protection requirements | Store in a dark environment | Light will accelerate decomposition and affect product quality |
| Packaging materials | Use opaque packaging materials | Reduce the impact of light |
| Storage conditions | Specific requirements | Reasons |
|---|---|---|
| Ventilation requirements | Maintain good ventilation | Avoid the accumulation of volatile gases and affect the health of operators |
| Ventilation facilities | Install ventilation equipment, conduct regular inspection and maintenance | Ensure ventilation system is functioning properly |
| Storage conditions | Specific requirements | Reasons |
|---|---|---|
| Isolation requirements | Store away from acidic substances | Avoid chemical reactions that affect product quality |
| Isolation measures | Use dedicated storage lockers or areas | Avoid mixing with acidic substances |
| Packaging requirements | Specific measures | Reasons |
|---|---|---|
| Container material | Use glass bottles, stainless steel cans or plastic buckets | Avoid encounters with TMGReaction |
| Tight sealing | Make sure the packaging container is tightly sealed | Prevent volatilization and external impurities from entering |
| Packaging requirements | Specific measures | Reasons |
|---|---|---|
| Packaging specifications | Choose appropriate packaging specifications | Meet different usage needs |
| Tag ID | Clearly label product information | Easy to manage and use |
| Transportation Requirements | Specific measures | Reasons |
|---|---|---|
| Shipping container | Use dedicated shipping containers | Ensure transportation safety |
| Shipping conditions | Maintain appropriate temperature and humidity | Avoid high temperature and high humidity environments |
| Shipping identification | Mark dangerous goods signs and transportation precautions | Ensure transportation safety |
| Storage conditions | Specific measures | Effectiveness evaluation |
|---|---|---|
| Temperature control | 15-20°C | Stable quality |
| Humidity Control | 50-60% | Stable quality |
| Save in the dark | Dark glass bottle | Stable quality |
| Good ventilation | Install ventilation equipment | Stable quality |
| Storage conditions | Specific measures | Effectiveness evaluation |
|---|---|---|
| Temperature control | 10-25°C | Stable quality |
| Humidity Control | 40-60% | Stable quality |
| Save in the dark | Stainless steel tank | Stable quality |
| Good ventilation | Install ventilation equipment | Stable quality |
| Drying measures | Use desiccant and dehumidification equipment | Stable quality |
Tetramethylguanidine (TMG) is a highly efficient and multi-functional chemical. Correct storage conditions and packaging requirements are the key to ensuring stable product quality. By controlling storage conditions such as temperature, humidity, light protection, ventilation, and avoiding contact with acidic substances, as well as selecting appropriate packaging materials, specifications, and transportation requirements, the volatilization, decomposition, and contamination of TMG can be effectively prevented, ensuring its use in various application scenarios. performance and stability. Through the detailed analysis and specific application cases of this article, we hope that readers can have a comprehensive and profound understanding of the correct storage conditions and packaging requirements of TMG, and take corresponding measures in practical applications to ensure the stable quality of TMG.
Through these detailed introductions and discussions, we hope that readers can have a comprehensive and profound understanding of the correct storage conditions and packaging requirements of tetramethylguanidine, and take corresponding measures in practical applications to ensure the stable quality of TMG. Scientific evaluation and rational application are key to ensuring that these compounds fulfill their potential in a variety of application scenarios. Through comprehensive measures, we can unleash the value of TMG.
Extended reading:
Addocat 106/TEDA-L33B/DABCO POLYCAT
Dabco 33-S/Microporous catalyst
Toyocat DT strong foaming catalyst pentamethyldiethylenetriamine Tosoh
Tetramethylguanidine (TMG), as a strongly alkaline organic compound, is not only widely used in organic synthesis and medicinal chemistry, but also shows great potential in modern agriculture. Especially in pesticide formulation, TMG can be used as a synergist and attenuator to improve the effectiveness of pesticides and reduce their toxicity. This article will introduce in detail the mechanism of TMG’s synergistic and toxicological effects in the preparation of modern agricultural pesticides, and display specific measures and effects in a table to further explore its application and advantages in different pesticide types.
| Mechanism of action | Specific mechanism | Effectiveness evaluation |
|---|---|---|
| Enhance permeability | As a surfactant, enhance the penetration of pesticides on plant leaves | Improve the effective utilization rate of pesticides |
| Improve solubility | Improve the solubility of pesticides in water | Make pesticides more easily absorbed and utilized by plants |
| Promote metabolism | Promote the metabolism of pesticides in plants and improve the transmission and distribution of pesticides in plants | Improve the effectiveness of pesticides |
| Stabilizer function | As a stabilizer, reduce the decomposition of pesticides during storage and use | Prolong the service life of pesticides |
| Mechanism of action | Specific mechanism | Effectiveness evaluation |
|---|---|---|
| Reduce toxicity | Change the chemical structure of pesticides and reduce their toxicity | Reduce the impact on non-target organisms |
| Reduce residue | Promote the degradation of pesticides and reduce residues in plants and soil | Reduce environmental risks |
| Improve selectivity | Improve the selectivity of pesticides to target pests | Reduce damage to beneficial organisms |
| Antimicrobial resistance management | Reduce pest resistance to pesticides | Extend the effective use period of pesticides |
| Pesticide Type | Additives | Effectiveness evaluation |
|---|---|---|
| Organophosphorus pesticides | TMG | Good permeability, high solubility, low toxicity, 20% increase in efficacy |
| Pesticide Type | Additives | Effectiveness evaluation |
|---|---|---|
| Carbamate pesticides | TMG | Good permeability, high solubility, low toxicity, 15% increase in efficacy |
| Pesticide Type | Additives | Effectiveness evaluation |
|---|---|---|
| Herbicide | TMG | Good permeability, high solubility, low toxicity, 20% increase in efficacy |
| Pesticide Type | Additives | Effectiveness evaluation |
|---|---|---|
| Fungicide | TMG | Good permeability, high solubility, low toxicity, 15% increase in efficacy |
| Pesticide Type | Additives | Effectiveness evaluation |
|---|---|---|
| Organophosphorus pesticides | TMG | Good permeability, high solubility, low toxicity, 20% increase in efficacy, 30% reduction in toxicity |
| Pesticide Type | Additives | Effectiveness evaluation |
|---|---|---|
| Carbamate pesticides | TMG | Good permeability, high solubility, low toxicity, 15% increase in efficacy and 25% reduction in toxicity |
| Pesticide Type | Additives | Effectiveness evaluation |
|---|---|---|
| Herbicide | TMG | Good permeability, high solubility, low toxicity, 20% increase in efficacy, 30% reduction in toxicity |
| Pesticide Type | Additives | Effectiveness evaluation |
|---|---|---|
| Fungicide | TMG | Good permeability, high solubility, low toxicity, 15% increase in efficacy and 25% reduction in toxicity |
| Preparation method | Specific steps | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Mixing ratio | Determine the appropriate addition ratio (0.1%-1%) | Adjust the proportion according to the type of pesticide and purpose of use |
| Mixed order | First dissolve TMG in a small amount of solvent, then add it to the pesticide solution | Add slowly and mix thoroughly |
| Stability test | Conduct stability testing to ensure stability and effectiveness | Test stability during storage and use |
| How to use | Specific steps | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Application method | Choose the appropriate application method (spray, root irrigation, soil treatment, etc.) | Select based on crop and pest type |
| Application time | Select application time (morning or evening) | Avoid high temperature and strong light |
| Frequency of administration | Determine the appropriate frequency of administration | Adjust according to pest occurrence and crop growth stage |
| Environmental and ecological impacts | Specific measures | Effectiveness evaluation |
|---|---|---|
| Environmentally Friendly | Reduce pesticide residues and reduce pollution | Environmental pollution reduction |
| Ecological balance | Improve selectivity and reduce damage to beneficial organisms | Ecological balance maintenance |
| Sustainability | Reduce the use of pesticides and improve yield and quality | Sustainable development of agriculture |
Tetramethylguanidine (TMG), as an efficient and multifunctional chemical, has shown great potential in the formulation of modern agricultural pesticides. Through synergistic mechanisms such as enhancing permeability, increasing solubility, promoting metabolism, and stabilizing effects, and attenuating mechanisms such as reducing toxicity, reducing residues, improving selectivity, and managing resistance, TMG can significantly improve the effectiveness of pesticides and reduce its toxicity. Through the detailed analysis and specific application cases of this article, we hope that readers can have a comprehensive and profound understanding of the synergistic and detoxication mechanism of TMG in modern agricultural pesticide preparation, and take corresponding measures in practical applications to ensure the high efficiency of pesticides. and safe to use. Scientific evaluation and rational application are key to ensuring that these compounds realize their potential in modern agriculture. Through comprehensive measures, we can unleash the value of TMG and achieve sustainable development of agriculture.
Through these detailed introductions and discussions, we hope that readers can have a comprehensive and profound understanding of the mechanism of synergism and attenuation of toxicity of tetramethylguanidine in modern agricultural pesticide preparation, and take corresponding measures in practical applications. ��Ensure efficient and safe use of pesticides. Scientific evaluation and rational application are key to ensuring that these compounds realize their potential in modern agriculture. Through comprehensive measures, we can unleash the value of TMG and achieve sustainable development of agriculture.
Extended reading:
Addocat 106/TEDA-L33B/DABCO POLYCAT
Dabco 33-S/Microporous catalyst
Toyocat DT strong foaming catalyst pentamethyldiethylenetriamine Tosoh
BDMAEE：Bis (2-Dimethylaminoethyl) Ether
CAS NO：3033-62-3
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