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innovative applications development with n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine
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introduction

n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine (nmdc) is a versatile organic compound with the molecular formula c12h23n. it is widely used in various industries, including pharmaceuticals, polymers, and catalysts, due to its unique chemical properties. nmdc’s ability to act as a base, nucleophile, and ligand makes it an essential component in the development of innovative applications. this article explores the diverse applications of nmdc, focusing on its role in catalysis, polymer synthesis, and pharmaceuticals. we will also discuss the product parameters, provide detailed tables, and reference both foreign and domestic literature to ensure a comprehensive understanding of this compound.

chemical properties of n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine

nmdc is a colorless liquid with a characteristic amine odor. its molecular weight is 185.31 g/mol, and it has a boiling point of 260°c. the compound is soluble in common organic solvents such as ethanol, acetone, and dichloromethane but is only slightly soluble in water. nmdc is a secondary amine, which means it can participate in a wide range of chemical reactions, including acid-base reactions, nucleophilic substitution, and coordination chemistry.

property value
molecular formula c12h23n
molecular weight 185.31 g/mol
boiling point 260°c
melting point -27°c
density 0.86 g/cm³
solubility in water slightly soluble
solubility in organic solvents soluble in ethanol, acetone, dichloromethane
ph (1% solution) 11.5
flash point 105°c

applications in catalysis

one of the most significant applications of nmdc is in catalysis, where it serves as a ligand or co-catalyst in various reactions. nmdc’s basicity and steric properties make it an excellent choice for improving the efficiency and selectivity of catalytic processes.

1. asymmetric catalysis

asymmetric catalysis is a crucial area in organic synthesis, particularly in the pharmaceutical industry, where enantiomerically pure compounds are often required. nmdc has been used as a chiral ligand in asymmetric hydrogenation reactions, which are essential for the production of optically active drugs. for example, a study by zhang et al. (2018) demonstrated that nmdc, when combined with rhodium complexes, could achieve high enantioselectivity in the hydrogenation of prochiral ketones. the authors reported yields of up to 98% and enantiomeric excess (ee) values exceeding 95%.

reaction type catalyst system yield (%) ee (%)
asymmetric hydrogenation rh-nmdc complex 98 95
asymmetric allylation pd-nmdc complex 92 90
asymmetric epoxidation ti-nmdc complex 88 85

2. homogeneous catalysis

in homogeneous catalysis, nmdc is often used as a co-catalyst to enhance the activity of metal complexes. a notable example is the use of nmdc in palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions, such as the suzuki-miyaura coupling. in a study by kwon et al. (2017), nmdc was found to improve the reaction rate and yield by stabilizing the palladium complex and preventing catalyst deactivation. the researchers observed a 20% increase in yield when nmdc was added to the reaction mixture.

reaction type catalyst system yield (%) improvement (%)
suzuki-miyaura coupling pd-nmdc complex 90 +20
heck reaction pd-nmdc complex 85 +15
sonogashira coupling pd-nmdc complex 88 +18

3. heterogeneous catalysis

nmdc can also be used in heterogeneous catalysis, where it is immobilized on solid supports to create reusable catalysts. a study by li et al. (2019) investigated the use of nmdc-functionalized silica nanoparticles as a catalyst for the esterification of carboxylic acids. the researchers found that the nmdc-modified silica nanoparticles exhibited excellent catalytic activity and could be reused multiple times without significant loss of performance. the catalyst achieved yields of up to 95% in the esterification of acetic acid with ethanol.

reaction type catalyst system yield (%) reusability (times)
esterification silica-nmdc nanoparticles 95 5
amide formation silica-nmdc nanoparticles 90 4
aldol condensation silica-nmdc nanoparticles 88 3

applications in polymer synthesis

nmdc plays a critical role in the synthesis of functional polymers, particularly in the preparation of polyurethanes, polyamides, and block copolymers. the compound’s ability to act as a chain extender, crosslinking agent, and catalyst makes it an indispensable tool in polymer chemistry.

1. polyurethane synthesis

polyurethanes are widely used in coatings, adhesives, and foams due to their excellent mechanical properties and chemical resistance. nmdc is commonly used as a chain extender in the synthesis of polyurethanes, where it reacts with isocyanate groups to form urea linkages. a study by wang et al. (2020) showed that nmdc could significantly improve the hardness and tensile strength of polyurethane films. the researchers reported that the addition of nmdc increased the tensile strength by 30% and the hardness by 25%.

polymer type chain extender tensile strength (mpa) hardness (shore d)
polyurethane nmdc 45 75
polyurethane ethylene glycol 35 60
polyurethane diethylene glycol 38 65

2. polyamide synthesis

polyamides, such as nylon, are important engineering materials with applications in textiles, automotive parts, and electronics. nmdc can be used as a monomer in the synthesis of polyamides, where it reacts with dicarboxylic acids to form amide linkages. a study by chen et al. (2019) demonstrated that nmdc-based polyamides exhibited superior thermal stability and mechanical properties compared to traditional polyamides. the researchers reported that the glass transition temperature (tg) of nmdc-based polyamides was 10°c higher than that of nylon-6,6.

polymer type monomer tg (°c) mechanical strength (mpa)
polyamide nmdc 120 150
polyamide hexamethylenediamine 110 130
polyamide methylenebis(cyclohexylamine) 115 140

3. block copolymer synthesis

block copolymers are a class of polymers composed of two or more distinct polymer blocks, each with different properties. nmdc can be used as a catalyst in the synthesis of block copolymers, particularly in living polymerization reactions. a study by kim et al. (2018) investigated the use of nmdc as a catalyst in the ring-opening polymerization of lactide to synthesize polylactide-block-polyethylene glycol (pla-b-peg) copolymers. the researchers found that nmdc provided excellent control over the molecular weight and polydispersity of the copolymers, with a polydispersity index (pdi) of less than 1.2.

polymer type catalyst molecular weight (g/mol) pdi
pla-b-peg nmdc 20,000 1.1
pla-b-peg tin octoate 18,000 1.3
pla-b-peg aluminum isopropoxide 17,000 1.4

applications in pharmaceuticals

nmdc has several applications in the pharmaceutical industry, particularly in the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (apis) and drug delivery systems. the compound’s basicity and nucleophilicity make it an ideal reagent for the preparation of nitrogen-containing drugs, such as antibiotics, antivirals, and anti-inflammatory agents.

1. synthesis of nitrogen-containing drugs

nmdc is often used as a building block in the synthesis of nitrogen-containing drugs, such as penicillins, cephalosporins, and sulfonamides. a study by liu et al. (2021) demonstrated that nmdc could be used to synthesize a novel β-lactam antibiotic with improved antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa). the researchers reported that the new antibiotic had a minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) of 0.5 μg/ml, which was four times lower than that of the commercial antibiotic vancomycin.

drug class synthesis route mic (μg/ml)
β-lactam antibiotic nmdc-based synthesis 0.5
vancomycin commercial 2.0
cephalosporin nmdc-based synthesis 1.0
sulfonamide nmdc-based synthesis 0.8

2. drug delivery systems

nmdc can also be used in the development of drug delivery systems, particularly in the preparation of liposomes and micelles. a study by zhang et al. (2022) investigated the use of nmdc-functionalized liposomes for the delivery of anticancer drugs. the researchers found that nmdc-modified liposomes exhibited enhanced cellular uptake and drug release, leading to improved therapeutic efficacy. the liposomes were able to deliver a higher dose of the anticancer drug doxorubicin to tumor cells, resulting in a 50% reduction in tumor size.

drug delivery system modification cellular uptake (%) tumor size reduction (%)
liposome nmdc-functionalized 80 50
liposome unmodified 50 30
micelle nmdc-functionalized 75 45

conclusion

n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine (nmdc) is a versatile compound with a wide range of applications in catalysis, polymer synthesis, and pharmaceuticals. its unique chemical properties, including its basicity, nucleophilicity, and steric effects, make it an essential tool in the development of innovative applications. the compound’s ability to improve the efficiency, selectivity, and performance of various processes has led to its widespread use in both academic research and industrial applications. as research in this field continues to advance, nmdc is likely to play an increasingly important role in the future of chemistry and materials science.

references

  1. zhang, l., wang, y., & li, j. (2018). asymmetric hydrogenation of prochiral ketones using rhodium-n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine complexes. journal of catalysis, 361, 123-132.
  2. kwon, h., park, j., & kim, s. (2017). palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions: the role of n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine as a co-catalyst. organic letters, 19(12), 3456-3459.
  3. li, x., chen, w., & zhang, f. (2019). nmdc-functionalized silica nanoparticles as reusable catalysts for esterification reactions. chemical communications, 55(45), 6450-6453.
  4. wang, y., liu, z., & chen, g. (2020). synthesis and characterization of nmdc-based polyurethanes with enhanced mechanical properties. polymer chemistry, 11(10), 2150-2157.
  5. chen, j., wu, x., & li, y. (2019). nmdc-based polyamides with improved thermal stability and mechanical strength. macromolecules, 52(15), 5678-5685.
  6. kim, s., park, j., & lee, h. (2018). nmdc as a catalyst in the ring-opening polymerization of lactide for the synthesis of pla-b-peg copolymers. polymer bulletin, 75(6), 2789-2801.
  7. liu, m., zhang, q., & wang, l. (2021). synthesis of a novel β-lactam antibiotic using n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine. journal of medicinal chemistry, 64(12), 8250-8257.
  8. zhang, y., li, j., & wang, x. (2022). nmdc-functionalized liposomes for enhanced drug delivery and cancer therapy. biomaterials science, 10(11), 3450-3457.

global supply chain management strategies for n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine
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global supply chain management strategies for n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine

abstract

n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine (nmdc) is a versatile chemical compound widely used in various industries, including pharmaceuticals, plastics, and coatings. effective global supply chain management (gscm) for nmdc is crucial to ensure timely delivery, cost efficiency, and quality control. this paper explores the strategic approaches to managing the global supply chain for nmdc, focusing on procurement, production, distribution, and risk management. it also examines the impact of emerging technologies, regulatory compliance, and sustainability practices on the supply chain. the study draws on both international and domestic literature to provide a comprehensive overview of best practices and challenges in nmdc supply chain management.

1. introduction

n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine (nmdc) is an organic compound with the molecular formula c13h25n. it is a colorless liquid with a characteristic amine odor and is primarily used as a catalyst in polyurethane foams, epoxy resins, and other polymerization reactions. nmdc’s unique properties make it indispensable in industries such as automotive, construction, and electronics. however, managing the global supply chain for nmdc presents several challenges, including fluctuating raw material prices, complex logistics, and stringent environmental regulations.

this paper aims to provide a detailed analysis of the global supply chain management strategies for nmdc, emphasizing the importance of collaboration, technology adoption, and sustainable practices. the following sections will explore the key components of the nmdc supply chain, including procurement, production, distribution, and risk management, while also discussing the role of emerging trends and regulatory frameworks.

2. product parameters of n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine (nmdc)

understanding the physical and chemical properties of nmdc is essential for effective supply chain management. table 1 summarizes the key parameters of nmdc, which influence its handling, storage, and transportation.

parameter value
chemical formula c13h25n
molecular weight 195.34 g/mol
cas number 101-87-6
appearance colorless to pale yellow liquid
odor amine-like
boiling point 247°c (477°f)
melting point -22°c (-7.6°f)
density 0.87 g/cm³ at 20°c
solubility in water slightly soluble
flash point 103°c (217.4°f)
ph (1% solution) 10.5-11.5
viscosity 4.5 mpa·s at 20°c
refractive index 1.462
vapor pressure 0.13 mmhg at 25°c
autoignition temperature 390°c (734°f)
toxicity (ld50, oral, rat) 1,600 mg/kg

table 1: key parameters of n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine (nmdc)

these parameters are critical for ensuring safe handling and storage of nmdc. for example, its flash point and autoignition temperature indicate that it should be stored in a well-ventilated area away from heat sources. additionally, its slight solubility in water suggests that it may require specialized packaging to prevent contamination during transportation.

3. procurement strategy for nmdc

the procurement of nmdc involves selecting reliable suppliers, negotiating favorable terms, and ensuring a steady supply of raw materials. a well-executed procurement strategy can significantly reduce costs and mitigate risks associated with supply chain disruptions.

3.1 supplier selection

choosing the right suppliers is a critical first step in nmdc procurement. suppliers should be evaluated based on several factors, including:

  • quality: the supplier must consistently provide nmdc that meets industry standards and specifications. iso 9001 certification is a good indicator of quality management.
  • cost: while cost is important, it should not be the sole determining factor. suppliers offering competitive pricing without compromising on quality should be preferred.
  • reliability: suppliers with a proven track record of timely deliveries and minimal lead times are more reliable. long-term contracts can help secure stable supplies.
  • sustainability: increasingly, companies are prioritizing suppliers that adhere to sustainable practices, such as reducing waste and minimizing environmental impact.

3.2 raw material sourcing

nmdc is synthesized from cyclohexylamine and formaldehyde, both of which are derived from petrochemical feedstocks. the availability and price volatility of these raw materials can affect the overall cost of nmdc production. to mitigate this risk, companies can adopt the following strategies:

  • diversification of suppliers: relying on multiple suppliers from different regions can reduce the impact of regional shortages or price spikes.
  • strategic stockpiling: maintaining a buffer stock of raw materials can help cushion against short-term supply disruptions.
  • forward contracts: entering into long-term contracts with suppliers can lock in favorable prices and ensure a steady supply of raw materials.

3.3 negotiation and contracting

effective negotiation with suppliers is essential for securing the best possible terms. key areas of negotiation include:

  • pricing: companies should aim to negotiate volume discounts and flexible pricing structures that account for market fluctuations.
  • delivery terms: clear agreements on lead times, shipping methods, and delivery schedules are crucial to avoid delays.
  • quality assurance: contracts should include provisions for regular quality inspections and penalties for non-compliance.
  • force majeure clauses: these clauses protect both parties in case of unforeseen events such as natural disasters or geopolitical tensions.

4. production strategy for nmdc

the production of nmdc requires careful planning to optimize efficiency, minimize waste, and ensure product quality. a robust production strategy should address the following areas:

4.1 manufacturing process

nmdc is typically produced through the reaction of cyclohexylamine and formaldehyde in the presence of a catalyst. the process can be summarized as follows:

  1. raw material preparation: cyclohexylamine and formaldehyde are mixed in a reactor.
  2. catalyst addition: a suitable catalyst, such as sodium hydroxide, is added to initiate the reaction.
  3. reaction conditions: the mixture is heated to a specific temperature (usually between 100°c and 150°c) and maintained under controlled pressure.
  4. product separation: after the reaction is complete, the nmdc is separated from by-products using distillation or extraction techniques.
  5. purification: the final product is purified to remove impurities and meet quality specifications.

4.2 capacity planning

capacity planning is essential to ensure that production levels align with demand forecasts. overproduction can lead to excess inventory and increased storage costs, while underproduction can result in stockouts and lost sales. companies can use advanced analytics and demand forecasting tools to optimize production capacity. for example, machine learning algorithms can analyze historical data and market trends to predict future demand with greater accuracy.

4.3 quality control

maintaining high-quality standards is crucial for nmdc production. quality control measures should be implemented at every stage of the manufacturing process, from raw material inspection to finished product testing. key quality control activities include:

  • incoming inspection: raw materials should be tested for purity, moisture content, and other relevant parameters before being used in production.
  • in-process monitoring: real-time monitoring of reaction conditions, such as temperature and pressure, ensures that the process remains within specified limits.
  • final product testing: finished nmdc should be tested for key parameters, including viscosity, density, and ph, to ensure it meets customer requirements.

4.4 continuous improvement

continuous improvement initiatives, such as lean six sigma, can help identify inefficiencies in the production process and reduce waste. by implementing these initiatives, companies can improve productivity, reduce costs, and enhance product quality.

5. distribution strategy for nmdc

once nmdc is produced, it must be distributed to customers efficiently and cost-effectively. a well-designed distribution strategy can reduce lead times, minimize transportation costs, and improve customer satisfaction.

5.1 transportation modes

the choice of transportation mode depends on factors such as distance, cost, and delivery time. common transportation modes for nmdc include:

  • road transport: ideal for short to medium distances, road transport offers flexibility and fast delivery times. however, it can be more expensive than other modes, especially for long distances.
  • rail transport: rail is a cost-effective option for bulk shipments over long distances. it is also environmentally friendly, as it produces fewer emissions per ton-kilometer compared to road transport.
  • marine transport: for international shipments, marine transport is often the most cost-effective option. however, it has longer lead times and is subject to port congestion and weather-related delays.
  • air transport: air transport is the fastest but most expensive option. it is typically used for small, high-value shipments or when speed is critical.

5.2 warehousing and inventory management

efficient warehousing and inventory management are essential for maintaining optimal stock levels and minimizing holding costs. key considerations include:

  • location: warehouses should be located close to major markets or ports to reduce transportation costs and lead times. hub-and-spoke distribution networks can be used to centralize inventory and improve efficiency.
  • inventory levels: companies should use advanced inventory management systems to monitor stock levels in real-time and adjust orders based on demand. just-in-time (jit) inventory systems can help reduce holding costs by minimizing excess inventory.
  • safety stock: maintaining a safety stock of nmdc can help buffer against supply chain disruptions, such as supplier delays or unexpected surges in demand.

5.3 customer service

providing excellent customer service is crucial for building strong relationships with customers. key customer service activities include:

  • order fulfillment: ensuring that orders are processed and delivered on time is essential for customer satisfaction. automated order processing systems can streamline this process and reduce errors.
  • communication: regular communication with customers about order status, shipment tracking, and any potential delays can help manage expectations and build trust.
  • after-sales support: offering technical support and troubleshooting assistance can help resolve any issues customers may encounter with nmdc.

6. risk management in nmdc supply chain

managing risks is a critical aspect of global supply chain management. risks can arise from various sources, including supplier failures, transportation disruptions, and regulatory changes. a proactive risk management strategy can help mitigate these risks and ensure business continuity.

6.1 supplier risk

supplier risk refers to the possibility that a supplier may fail to deliver nmdc or raw materials on time or in the required quality. to mitigate supplier risk, companies can:

  • conduct supplier audits: regular audits of suppliers’ facilities and processes can help identify potential issues early on.
  • develop backup suppliers: having alternative suppliers in place can provide a safety net in case the primary supplier experiences problems.
  • implement supplier scorecards: scorecards can be used to evaluate suppliers based on performance metrics such as delivery reliability, quality, and cost.

6.2 transportation risk

transportation risk includes delays, damage to goods, and loss of cargo. to mitigate transportation risk, companies can:

  • use multiple carriers: relying on multiple carriers can reduce the impact of disruptions caused by a single carrier’s failure.
  • insure shipments: insuring shipments can provide financial protection in case of damage or loss.
  • optimize routes: using route optimization software can help reduce transit times and avoid congested areas or high-risk regions.

6.3 regulatory risk

regulatory risk arises from changes in laws and regulations related to the production, transportation, and use of nmdc. to mitigate regulatory risk, companies can:

  • stay informed: keeping up-to-date with changes in regulations is essential for compliance. subscription services and industry associations can provide valuable information.
  • obtain necessary permits: ensure that all necessary permits and certifications are obtained before importing or exporting nmdc.
  • train employees: providing training on regulatory requirements can help employees understand their responsibilities and avoid non-compliance.

6.4 environmental risk

environmental risk includes the potential for accidents or spills that could harm the environment. to mitigate environmental risk, companies can:

  • implement safety protocols: establishing strict safety protocols for handling and storing nmdc can reduce the likelihood of accidents.
  • invest in green technologies: adopting environmentally friendly technologies, such as energy-efficient equipment and waste reduction programs, can help minimize the environmental impact of nmdc production.
  • comply with environmental regulations: adhering to environmental regulations, such as those set by the environmental protection agency (epa), can help avoid fines and legal action.

7. emerging trends in nmdc supply chain management

several emerging trends are shaping the future of nmdc supply chain management. these trends offer new opportunities for improving efficiency, reducing costs, and enhancing sustainability.

7.1 digital transformation

the adoption of digital technologies, such as the internet of things (iot), artificial intelligence (ai), and blockchain, is transforming supply chain operations. for example:

  • iot sensors: iot sensors can be used to monitor the condition of nmdc during transportation, providing real-time data on temperature, humidity, and location.
  • ai-powered analytics: ai can analyze large datasets to predict demand, optimize routes, and identify potential risks in the supply chain.
  • blockchain: blockchain technology can provide transparency and traceability in the supply chain, allowing companies to track the origin and movement of nmdc from raw material sourcing to final delivery.

7.2 sustainability

sustainability is becoming an increasingly important consideration in supply chain management. companies are adopting sustainable practices to reduce their environmental footprint and meet growing consumer demand for eco-friendly products. key sustainability initiatives include:

  • green logistics: using electric vehicles, optimizing fuel consumption, and reducing carbon emissions can help make transportation more sustainable.
  • circular economy: implementing a circular economy approach, where waste is minimized and resources are reused, can reduce the environmental impact of nmdc production.
  • sustainable sourcing: sourcing raw materials from suppliers that adhere to sustainable practices can help reduce the overall environmental impact of the supply chain.

7.3 regulatory changes

regulatory changes, particularly in the areas of environmental protection and chemical safety, are driving companies to rethink their supply chain strategies. for example:

  • reach regulation: the registration, evaluation, authorization, and restriction of chemicals (reach) regulation in the european union requires companies to register and provide detailed information on the chemicals they produce or import.
  • proposition 65: in california, proposition 65 requires businesses to provide warnings about exposure to certain chemicals, including nmdc, that are known to cause cancer or reproductive harm.

8. conclusion

effective global supply chain management for n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine (nmdc) requires a comprehensive approach that addresses procurement, production, distribution, and risk management. by adopting best practices and leveraging emerging technologies, companies can improve efficiency, reduce costs, and enhance sustainability. additionally, staying informed about regulatory changes and industry trends is essential for maintaining compliance and remaining competitive in the global market.

references

  1. chopra, s., & meindl, p. (2016). supply chain management: strategy, planning, and operation (6th ed.). pearson.

    • this textbook provides a comprehensive overview of supply chain management principles and strategies, including procurement, production, and distribution.

  2. christopher, m. (2016). logistics & supply chain management (5th ed.). pearson.

    • this book offers insights into the logistics and supply chain management of chemical products, with a focus on risk management and sustainability.

  3. lee, h. l. (2004). the triple-a supply chain. harvard business review, 82(10), 102-112.

    • this article introduces the concept of the "triple-a" supply chain, which emphasizes adaptability, alignment, and agility.

  4. lambert, d. m., stock, j. r., & ellram, l. m. (1998). fundamentals of supply chain management. south-western college pub.

    • this book provides a detailed analysis of supply chain management, including the role of technology and innovation.

  5. waller, m. a., & fawcett, s. e. (2013). supply chain agility, adaptability, and alignment. mit sloan management review, 54(2), 47-54.

    • this article discusses the importance of agility, adaptability, and alignment in supply chain management, particularly in response to market changes.

  6. european chemicals agency (echa). (2021). reach regulation. retrieved from https://echa.europa.eu/reach

    • the official website of the european chemicals agency provides detailed information on the reach regulation and its implications for chemical supply chains.

  7. california office of environmental health hazard assessment (oehha). (2021). proposition 65. retrieved from https://oehha.ca.gov/proposition-65

    • the oehha website offers information on proposition 65 and its requirements for businesses operating in california.

  8. supply chain insights. (2021). the future of supply chain management. retrieved from https://www.supplychaininsights.com/future-of-supply-chain-management/

    • this report provides insights into the future trends and challenges in supply chain management, including the role of digital transformation and sustainability.

  9. world trade organization (wto). (2021). international trade statistics. retrieved from https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/statis_e.htm

    • the wto website provides data and analysis on international trade, including the global trade of chemicals like nmdc.

  10. alibaba cloud. (2021). supply chain management solutions. retrieved from https://www.alibabacloud.com/solutions/supply-chain-management

    • alibaba cloud offers cloud-based solutions for supply chain management, including iot, ai, and blockchain technologies.

market analysis and trends for n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine products
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market analysis and trends for n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine (mdc) products

abstract

n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine (mdc) is a versatile organic compound with a wide range of applications in various industries, including pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and polymers. this comprehensive analysis delves into the global market for mdc products, examining current trends, key players, and future prospects. the study also explores the product parameters, production processes, and regulatory frameworks governing mdc. by referencing both international and domestic literature, this paper aims to provide a thorough understanding of the mdc market, highlighting opportunities and challenges for stakeholders.

1. introduction

n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine (mdc), also known as 1-methyl-2,6-dicyclohexylamine, is a tertiary amine with the molecular formula c13h25n. it is widely used as a catalyst, curing agent, and intermediate in the synthesis of various chemicals. mdc’s unique properties, such as its low toxicity, high reactivity, and excellent solubility in organic solvents, make it an essential component in numerous industrial applications.

the global demand for mdc has been steadily increasing due to its expanding use in sectors like pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and polymer manufacturing. this report provides an in-depth analysis of the mdc market, covering product parameters, production methods, market trends, and future outlook. additionally, the study includes a review of relevant literature from both foreign and domestic sources to ensure a comprehensive understanding of the subject.

2. product parameters

2.1 chemical properties

property value
molecular formula c13h25n
molecular weight 199.34 g/mol
melting point -7.5°c
boiling point 258°c
density 0.86 g/cm³ at 20°c
solubility in water slightly soluble
appearance colorless to pale yellow liquid
odor amine-like
flash point 110°c
ph (1% solution) 10.5

2.2 physical properties

property value
viscosity 2.5 cp at 25°c
refractive index 1.465 at 20°c
specific gravity 0.86 at 20°c
vapor pressure 0.01 mmhg at 25°c
surface tension 30.5 mn/m at 25°c

2.3 safety and handling

hazard class description
flammability flammable liquid
toxicity low toxicity
skin irritation mild skin irritant
eye irritation moderate eye irritant
inhalation risk may cause respiratory irritation
storage requirements store in a cool, well-ventilated area

2.4 environmental impact

parameter impact
biodegradability moderately biodegradable
ecotoxicity low ecotoxicity
volatile organic compounds (vocs) low voc emissions
greenhouse gas emissions minimal ghg emissions

3. production methods

3.1 synthesis from cyclohexylamine

one of the most common methods for producing mdc is through the alkylation of cyclohexylamine with methyl chloride. the reaction is typically carried out in the presence of a base, such as potassium hydroxide, to facilitate the nucleophilic substitution.

reaction scheme:

[ text{cyclohexylamine} + text{ch}_3text{cl} rightarrow text{n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine} + text{hcl} ]

3.2 catalytic hydrogenation

another method involves the catalytic hydrogenation of dicyclohexylamine. this process is less common but offers advantages in terms of yield and purity. the reaction is typically conducted under high pressure and temperature conditions, using a palladium catalyst.

reaction scheme:

[ text{dicyclohexylamine} + text{ch}_3text{i} rightarrow text{n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine} + text{hi} ]

3.3 industrial scale production

on an industrial scale, mdc is produced using continuous flow reactors, which allow for better control of reaction conditions and higher throughput. the choice of production method depends on factors such as raw material availability, cost, and environmental impact.

production method advantages disadvantages
alkylation of cyclohexylamine high yield, simple process requires handling of hazardous reagents
catalytic hydrogenation high purity, fewer by-products higher capital investment
continuous flow reactors better control, higher efficiency complex setup, requires skilled operators

4. applications of mdc

4.1 pharmaceutical industry

mdc is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry as a catalyst in the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (apis). its ability to accelerate reactions without interfering with the final product makes it an ideal choice for drug development. some of the key applications include:

  • catalyst in asymmetric synthesis: mdc is used to promote enantioselective reactions, which are crucial for producing chiral drugs.
  • intermediate in drug synthesis: mdc serves as a building block in the synthesis of various medications, including antivirals, antibiotics, and anti-inflammatory drugs.

4.2 agrochemicals

in the agrochemical sector, mdc is used as a stabilizer and synergist in pesticide formulations. it enhances the efficacy of pesticides by improving their solubility and stability in water. mdc is also used in the production of fungicides and herbicides, where it acts as a co-formulant to improve the performance of active ingredients.

4.3 polymer manufacturing

mdc plays a significant role in the polymer industry, particularly in the production of epoxy resins and polyurethanes. as a curing agent, mdc accelerates the cross-linking of polymer chains, resulting in stronger and more durable materials. some of the key applications include:

  • epoxy resins: mdc is used to cure epoxy resins, which are widely used in coatings, adhesives, and composites.
  • polyurethanes: mdc acts as a catalyst in the formation of polyurethane foams, which are used in insulation, furniture, and automotive applications.

4.4 other applications

  • cosmetics: mdc is used as a surfactant and emulsifier in cosmetic formulations, enhancing the texture and stability of products.
  • electronics: mdc is used in the production of electronic components, where it serves as a dielectric material and insulator.
  • coatings and inks: mdc is used as a solvent and additive in coatings and inks, improving their drying time and adhesion properties.

5. market trends

5.1 global demand growth

the global demand for mdc is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (cagr) of 4.5% over the next five years. this growth is driven by increasing demand from end-user industries, particularly pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. the asia-pacific region is expected to be the fastest-growing market, followed by north america and europe.

region cagr (%) key drivers
asia-pacific 5.2% rapid industrialization, rising healthcare spending
north america 4.8% strong pharmaceutical and agrochemical sectors
europe 4.1% stringent regulations, focus on sustainable solutions
latin america 3.9% growing agricultural sector, increasing infrastructure investments
middle east & africa 3.5% rising population, expanding construction industry

5.2 technological advancements

advancements in chemical synthesis and production technologies are expected to drive innovation in the mdc market. for example, the development of greener and more efficient production methods, such as continuous flow reactors and catalytic hydrogenation, will reduce the environmental impact of mdc production. additionally, the use of mdc in new applications, such as advanced materials and nanotechnology, is expected to open up new market opportunities.

5.3 regulatory environment

the regulatory environment for mdc varies by region, with some countries imposing stricter controls on the use and disposal of the compound. for example, the european union’s reach regulation requires manufacturers to provide detailed information on the safety and environmental impact of mdc. in the united states, the environmental protection agency (epa) regulates mdc under the toxic substances control act (tsca). manufacturers must comply with these regulations to ensure the safe and responsible use of mdc.

5.4 sustainability initiatives

sustainability is becoming an increasingly important factor in the mdc market, with many companies focusing on reducing the environmental impact of their operations. this includes efforts to minimize waste, reduce energy consumption, and develop eco-friendly alternatives to traditional mdc production methods. companies that prioritize sustainability are likely to gain a competitive advantage in the market.

6. key players in the mdc market

the global mdc market is dominated by a few large players, including , industries, and corporation. these companies have a strong presence in multiple regions and offer a wide range of mdc-based products. however, there are also several smaller players that specialize in niche applications or regional markets.

company key products market share (%) regional focus
se epoxy curing agents, polyurethane catalysts 25% global, with a focus on europe and north america
industries catalysts, intermediates, additives 20% global, with a focus on europe and asia-pacific
corporation polyurethane systems, epoxy resins 18% global, with a focus on north america and asia-pacific
inc. coatings, adhesives, sealants 15% global, with a focus on north america and europe
lanxess ag rubber chemicals, plastic additives 10% global, with a focus on europe and asia-pacific
others various specialty chemicals 12% regional players, niche markets

7. future outlook

the future of the mdc market looks promising, with several factors driving growth and innovation. the increasing demand for sustainable and eco-friendly solutions is expected to lead to the development of new production methods and applications for mdc. additionally, the expansion of end-user industries, particularly in emerging markets, will create new opportunities for mdc manufacturers.

however, the market also faces challenges, including regulatory pressures, competition from alternative compounds, and fluctuations in raw material prices. to remain competitive, companies will need to invest in research and development, adopt sustainable practices, and explore new markets and applications for mdc.

8. conclusion

n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine (mdc) is a versatile and essential compound with a wide range of applications in various industries. the global mdc market is expected to grow steadily over the next few years, driven by increasing demand from end-user sectors such as pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and polymers. technological advancements, regulatory changes, and sustainability initiatives will play a crucial role in shaping the future of the mdc market. companies that can adapt to these changes and innovate will be well-positioned to capitalize on the growing opportunities in this dynamic market.

references

  1. se. (2022). annual report 2022. retrieved from https://www..com
  2. industries. (2021). sustainability report 2021. retrieved from https://www..com
  3. corporation. (2022). investor presentation 2022. retrieved from https://www..com
  4. inc. (2021). global market trends for specialty chemicals. retrieved from https://www..com
  5. lanxess ag. (2022). product portfolio and applications. retrieved from https://www.lanxess.com
  6. european chemicals agency (echa). (2021). reach regulation: guidance for manufacturers. retrieved from https://echa.europa.eu
  7. u.s. environmental protection agency (epa). (2022). toxic substances control act (tsca) overview. retrieved from https://www.epa.gov
  8. smith, j., & brown, l. (2020). the role of n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine in pharmaceutical synthesis. journal of medicinal chemistry, 63(12), 6789-6801.
  9. chen, w., & zhang, y. (2021). sustainable production of n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine: a review. green chemistry, 23(5), 1892-1905.
  10. johnson, r., & williams, k. (2019). market analysis of n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine in the agrochemical sector. pesticide science, 107(3), 456-468.

this comprehensive analysis provides a detailed overview of the n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine (mdc) market, covering product parameters, production methods, applications, market trends, and future prospects. by referencing both international and domestic literature, this report offers valuable insights for stakeholders in the mdc industry.

storage and handling recommendations for n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine
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storage and handling recommendations for n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine

abstract

n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine (mcdha) is a versatile organic compound widely used in various industrial applications, including as a catalyst, curing agent, and intermediate in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and polymers. proper storage and handling of mcdha are crucial to ensure its efficacy, safety, and compliance with regulatory standards. this comprehensive guide provides detailed recommendations for the storage and handling of mcdha, covering physical and chemical properties, safety precautions, environmental considerations, and best practices for minimizing risks. the information is based on a review of both international and domestic literature, ensuring that the guidelines are up-to-date and scientifically sound.

1. introduction

n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine (mcdha), also known as 1-methyl-4,4′-dicyclohexylamine, is a tertiary amine with the molecular formula c13h23n. it is a colorless to pale yellow liquid with a characteristic amine odor. mcdha is commonly used as a catalyst in epoxy resin systems, a curing agent for polyurethane foams, and an intermediate in the synthesis of various chemicals. due to its reactive nature and potential health and environmental hazards, proper storage and handling are essential to prevent accidents, contamination, and degradation of the material.

this document aims to provide a detailed guide for the safe storage and handling of mcdha, drawing from both international and domestic sources. the recommendations cover physical and chemical properties, safety data, storage conditions, handling procedures, personal protective equipment (ppe), emergency response, and disposal methods. by following these guidelines, users can ensure the integrity of the product while minimizing risks to human health and the environment.

2. physical and chemical properties

understanding the physical and chemical properties of mcdha is essential for developing appropriate storage and handling protocols. the following table summarizes the key properties of mcdha:

property value
molecular formula c13h23n
molecular weight 197.33 g/mol
cas number 586-64-7
appearance colorless to pale yellow liquid
odor characteristic amine odor
boiling point 260°c (decomposes before boiling)
melting point -15°c
density 0.89 g/cm³ at 20°c
solubility in water slightly soluble (0.5 g/100 ml at 20°c)
flash point 110°c (closed cup)
vapor pressure 0.1 mm hg at 25°c
ph (1% solution) 11.5 – 12.5
refractive index 1.485 at 20°c
autoignition temperature 440°c
specific gravity 0.89 at 20°c
viscosity 4.5 cp at 25°c

2.1 reactivity

mcdha is a strong base and can react exothermically with acids, halogenated compounds, and oxidizing agents. it is also sensitive to moisture, which can lead to the formation of salts or other byproducts that may affect its performance. therefore, it is important to store mcdha in a dry environment and avoid contact with acidic or oxidizing materials.

2.2 stability

mcdha is stable under normal storage conditions but can decompose at high temperatures or in the presence of strong acids. prolonged exposure to air or moisture can also lead to degradation. to maintain its stability, mcdha should be stored in tightly sealed containers and protected from heat, light, and moisture.

3. safety data

mcdha is classified as a hazardous substance due to its corrosive and irritating properties. the following sections provide an overview of the safety data, including health effects, first aid measures, and exposure limits.

3.1 health hazards

exposure route health effects
inhalation irritation of the respiratory tract, coughing, shortness of breath, and in severe cases, pulmonary edema.
skin contact irritation, redness, and possible burns. prolonged contact may cause dermatitis.
eye contact severe irritation, corneal damage, and potential blindness. immediate flushing with water is critical.
ingestion nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and in severe cases, gastrointestinal burns. seek medical attention immediately.

3.2 first aid measures

exposure route first aid procedure
inhalation move the affected person to fresh air. if breathing is difficult, administer oxygen. seek medical attention if symptoms persist.
skin contact remove contaminated clothing and wash the affected area with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. seek medical attention if irritation persists.
eye contact flush eyes with water for at least 15 minutes, lifting the eyelids occasionally. seek immediate medical attention.
ingestion do not induce vomiting. rinse mouth with water and give the person milk or water to drink. seek medical attention immediately.

3.3 exposure limits

country/region exposure limit (mg/m³)
osha (usa) 10 mg/m³ (twa)
acgih (usa) 5 mg/m³ (twa)
eu (directive 2004/37/ec) 10 mg/m³ (twa)
china (gbz 2.1-2019) 5 mg/m³ (twa)

3.4 personal protective equipment (ppe)

type of ppe recommendations
respiratory protection use a full-face respirator with organic vapor cartridges or an air-supplied respirator in areas with poor ventilation.
eye protection wear chemical splash goggles or a face shield to protect against splashes.
skin protection use chemical-resistant gloves (e.g., nitrile, neoprene) and protective clothing to prevent skin contact.
hand protection wear long-sleeved gloves and avoid touching the face or eyes with contaminated hands.

4. storage conditions

proper storage of mcdha is critical to maintaining its quality and preventing accidents. the following guidelines should be followed to ensure safe and effective storage:

4.1 storage location

  • indoor storage: store mcdha in a well-ventilated, cool, and dry area away from direct sunlight. the storage area should be equipped with proper ventilation to prevent the accumulation of vapors.
  • outdoor storage: if outdoor storage is necessary, use weatherproof containers and ensure that the area is protected from rain, snow, and extreme temperatures. outdoor storage should be avoided if possible, as temperature fluctuations can affect the stability of the material.
  • segregation: store mcdha separately from incompatible materials such as acids, oxidizers, halogenated compounds, and flammable liquids. a distance of at least 3 meters should be maintained between mcdha and incompatible substances.

4.2 container requirements

  • material compatibility: mcdha should be stored in containers made of materials that are compatible with amines, such as stainless steel, glass, or high-density polyethylene (hdpe). avoid using containers made of aluminum, copper, or zinc, as these metals can react with mcdha.
  • sealing: ensure that all containers are tightly sealed to prevent moisture ingress and vapor escape. use screw caps or other secure closures to minimize the risk of leaks.
  • labeling: clearly label all containers with the product name, cas number, hazard warnings, and expiration date. include information on emergency contact numbers and handling instructions.

4.3 temperature control

  • optimal temperature range: store mcdha at temperatures between 10°c and 25°c. avoid exposing the material to temperatures above 30°c, as this can increase the risk of decomposition and vapor release.
  • freeze protection: mcdha has a low melting point (-15°c), so it should not be exposed to freezing temperatures. if freezing is a concern, use insulated storage containers or heating elements to maintain the temperature above 0°c.

4.4 humidity control

  • dry environment: mcdha is hygroscopic and can absorb moisture from the air, leading to the formation of salts or other byproducts. store the material in a dry environment with a relative humidity below 60%. if necessary, use desiccants or dehumidifiers to control moisture levels.

5. handling procedures

safe handling of mcdha is essential to prevent accidents and ensure the integrity of the material. the following guidelines should be followed when working with mcdha:

5.1 precautions during handling

  • minimize exposure: handle mcdha in a well-ventilated area or under a fume hood to minimize inhalation of vapors. use mechanical ventilation if necessary to reduce airborne concentrations.
  • avoid spills: take care to avoid spills and leaks during transfer operations. use drip pans or catch basins to contain any accidental releases.
  • use appropriate tools: use non-sparking tools and equipment when handling mcdha, especially in areas where flammable vapors may be present. avoid using metal tools that could generate sparks.
  • avoid direct contact: always wear appropriate ppe, including gloves, goggles, and protective clothing, when handling mcdha. avoid skin contact and inhalation of vapors.

5.2 transfer operations

  • use closed systems: whenever possible, use closed systems or closed-loop transfer equipment to minimize exposure to mcdha vapors. if open systems are used, ensure that they are properly ventilated.
  • check for leaks: inspect all transfer lines, valves, and connections for leaks before and after each operation. repair any leaks immediately to prevent contamination or loss of material.
  • control flow rates: keep transfer flow rates low to reduce the risk of splashing or aerosol formation. use pumps or gravity feed systems to control the flow of mcdha.

5.3 cleaning and maintenance

  • clean up spills immediately: in the event of a spill, clean up the affected area immediately using absorbent materials such as vermiculite or sand. neutralize the spilled material with a weak acid solution (e.g., acetic acid) before disposal.
  • dispose of contaminated materials: dispose of all contaminated materials, including gloves, rags, and absorbents, according to local regulations. do not reuse contaminated equipment without thorough cleaning and inspection.
  • regular inspection: regularly inspect storage containers, transfer equipment, and handling areas for signs of corrosion, wear, or damage. replace any damaged equipment immediately to prevent accidents.

6. emergency response

in the event of an emergency involving mcdha, it is important to have a well-defined response plan in place. the following sections provide guidance on how to respond to spills, fires, and other incidents.

6.1 spill response

  • small spills: for small spills (less than 1 liter), use absorbent materials such as vermiculite or sand to contain the spill. neutralize the spilled material with a weak acid solution (e.g., acetic acid) and dispose of the absorbent material according to local regulations.
  • large spills: for large spills (greater than 1 liter), isolate the affected area and evacuate personnel. use a containment dike or barrier to prevent the spread of the spill. notify emergency services and follow their instructions for cleanup and disposal.
  • personal protection: always wear appropriate ppe, including a full-face respirator, chemical-resistant gloves, and protective clothing, when responding to a spill. avoid inhaling vapors or coming into direct contact with the spilled material.

6.2 fire response

  • fire extinguishing media: use dry chemical, foam, or carbon dioxide extinguishers to fight fires involving mcdha. do not use water, as it can cause the fire to spread or create a dangerous vapor cloud.
  • evacuation: evacuate the area immediately if a fire occurs. move to a safe location upwind and away from the fire. do not attempt to extinguish the fire unless you are trained and equipped to do so.
  • ventilation: ensure that the area is well-ventilated to prevent the buildup of toxic vapors. use fans or exhaust systems to remove smoke and fumes from the area.

6.3 medical response

  • inhalation: if someone has inhaled mcdha vapors, move them to fresh air immediately. if they are having difficulty breathing, administer oxygen and seek medical attention. monitor the person for signs of respiratory distress and provide first aid as needed.
  • skin contact: if mcdha comes into contact with the skin, remove contaminated clothing and wash the affected area with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. seek medical attention if irritation or burns occur.
  • eye contact: if mcdha gets into the eyes, flush the eyes with water for at least 15 minutes, lifting the eyelids occasionally. seek immediate medical attention, even if no symptoms are apparent.
  • ingestion: if mcdha is ingested, do not induce vomiting. rinse the mouth with water and give the person milk or water to drink. seek medical attention immediately.

7. disposal methods

proper disposal of mcdha is essential to protect the environment and comply with regulatory requirements. the following guidelines should be followed for the disposal of mcdha and related waste:

7.1 waste classification

  • hazardous waste: mcdha is classified as a hazardous waste in many countries due to its corrosive and toxic properties. it should be disposed of in accordance with local, state, and federal regulations.
  • non-hazardous waste: small quantities of mcdha that have been neutralized with a weak acid solution may be considered non-hazardous waste. however, it is important to consult local regulations to determine the appropriate disposal method.

7.2 disposal options

  • incineration: incineration is a common method for disposing of mcdha and related waste. the material should be incinerated at a licensed facility that meets all applicable environmental standards. ensure that the incineration process is conducted at high temperatures to ensure complete destruction of the material.
  • landfill: in some cases, mcdha may be disposed of in a hazardous waste landfill. however, this option should only be used as a last resort, as it poses a risk of contaminating soil and groundwater. ensure that the landfill is licensed to accept hazardous waste and that all regulatory requirements are met.
  • recycling: if possible, consider recycling mcdha or reusing it in other applications. this can help reduce waste and minimize the environmental impact of disposal. consult with a qualified recycling facility to determine the feasibility of this option.

7.3 documentation

  • waste manifests: keep detailed records of all waste generated, including the type, quantity, and disposal method. submit waste manifests to the appropriate regulatory agencies as required.
  • disposal certificates: obtain certificates of disposal from the waste management facility to confirm that the material has been properly disposed of. retain these certificates for future reference.

8. regulatory compliance

compliance with local, national, and international regulations is essential for the safe storage and handling of mcdha. the following sections provide an overview of the key regulations that apply to mcdha.

8.1 occupational safety and health regulations

  • osha (usa): the occupational safety and health administration (osha) sets exposure limits for mcdha and requires employers to provide appropriate ppe, ventilation, and training to employees who handle the material.
  • eu reach regulation: the registration, evaluation, authorization, and restriction of chemicals (reach) regulation governs the production, import, and use of mcdha within the european union. manufacturers and importers must register mcdha with the european chemicals agency (echa) and comply with all relevant restrictions.
  • china gbz standards: the chinese national health commission has established occupational exposure limits for mcdha in the "hygienic standard for occupational exposure to hazardous agents in the air" (gbz 2.1-2019).

8.2 environmental regulations

  • epa (usa): the u.s. environmental protection agency (epa) regulates the release of mcdha into the environment under the clean air act, clean water act, and resource conservation and recovery act (rcra). facilities that handle mcdha must comply with reporting requirements and obtain permits for emissions and waste disposal.
  • eu directive 2004/37/ec: the eu directive on the protection of workers from the risks related to exposure to carcinogens or mutagens at work sets exposure limits for mcdha and requires employers to implement control measures to reduce worker exposure.
  • china environmental protection law: the chinese environmental protection law (2014) sets standards for the discharge of pollutants into the air, water, and soil. facilities that handle mcdha must comply with these standards and obtain the necessary permits for emissions and waste disposal.

8.3 transportation regulations

  • dot (usa): the u.s. department of transportation (dot) classifies mcdha as a class 8 corrosive material and requires it to be transported in accordance with the hazardous materials regulations (49 cfr). shippers must provide proper labeling, packaging, and documentation for all shipments.
  • imdg code (international): the international maritime dangerous goods (imdg) code governs the transport of mcdha by sea. shippers must comply with the imdg code’s requirements for packaging, labeling, and documentation.
  • adr (europe): the european agreement concerning the international carriage of dangerous goods by road (adr) regulates the transport of mcdha by road. shippers must comply with the adr’s requirements for packaging, labeling, and documentation.

9. conclusion

proper storage and handling of n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine (mcdha) are essential to ensure its effectiveness, safety, and compliance with regulatory standards. by following the guidelines outlined in this document, users can minimize the risks associated with mcdha and protect both human health and the environment. key recommendations include storing mcdha in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area, using appropriate ppe, segregating incompatible materials, and implementing emergency response plans. additionally, it is important to stay informed about the latest regulations and best practices for handling mcdha to ensure ongoing compliance and safety.

references

  1. occupational safety and health administration (osha). (2021). occupational exposure to hazardous chemicals in laboratories. retrieved from https://www.osha.gov/laboratory-standard
  2. european chemicals agency (echa). (2020). registration, evaluation, authorization, and restriction of chemicals (reach). retrieved from https://echa.europa.eu/reach-portal
  3. u.s. environmental protection agency (epa). (2021). toxic substances control act (tsca). retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/tsca
  4. china national health commission. (2019). hygienic standard for occupational exposure to hazardous agents in the air (gbz 2.1-2019).
  5. international maritime organization (imo). (2020). international maritime dangerous goods (imdg) code. retrieved from https://www.imo.org/en/ourwork/safety/pages/imdg-code.aspx
  6. american conference of governmental industrial hygienists (acgih). (2021). threshold limit values (tlvs) for chemical substances. retrieved from https://www.acgih.org/tlv-tbi/
  7. national institute for occupational safety and health (niosh). (2021). pocket guide to chemical hazards. retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/default.html
  8. european union. (2004). directive 2004/37/ec on the protection of workers from the risks related to exposure to carcinogens or mutagens at work. official journal of the european union.
  9. u.s. department of transportation (dot). (2021). hazardous materials regulations (49 cfr). retrieved from https://www.phmsa.dot.gov/regulations/hazmat
  10. china environmental protection law (2014). retrieved from http://www.mee.gov.cn/ywgz/flfg/fl/201412/t20141226_278853.shtml

n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine effects on human health and safety
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n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine: effects on human health and safety

abstract

n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine (nmcha) is a tertiary amine widely used in various industrial applications, including as a catalyst in polyurethane foams, epoxy resins, and other polymer systems. despite its utility, nmcha has raised concerns regarding its potential impact on human health and safety. this comprehensive review aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the effects of nmcha on human health, environmental safety, and occupational exposure. the article will cover the chemical properties, toxicological data, exposure routes, and regulatory guidelines, supported by extensive references from both international and domestic literature.

1. introduction

n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine (nmcha), with the chemical formula c₁₃h₂₅n, is a colorless to pale yellow liquid with a characteristic amine odor. it is commonly used in the chemical industry as a catalyst, particularly in the production of polyurethane foams, epoxy resins, and other polymer systems. nmcha’s ability to accelerate reactions and improve product performance makes it an essential component in many manufacturing processes. however, its widespread use has also led to concerns about its potential adverse effects on human health and the environment.

this article will explore the chemical properties, toxicological profile, and safety considerations of nmcha, drawing on both international and domestic research. the aim is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the risks associated with nmcha exposure and to highlight the importance of proper handling and protective measures in industrial settings.

2. chemical properties and product parameters

nmcha is a tertiary amine with the following key chemical properties:

property value
molecular formula c₁₃h₂₅n
molecular weight 199.35 g/mol
cas number 101-84-6
appearance colorless to pale yellow liquid
odor characteristic amine odor
boiling point 257°c (594.6°f)
melting point -12°c (10.4°f)
density 0.86 g/cm³ at 20°c
solubility in water slightly soluble (0.2% at 25°c)
flash point 115°c (239°f)
autoignition temperature 410°c (770°f)
vapor pressure 0.06 mm hg at 25°c
ph basic (ph > 10 in aqueous solution)

nmcha is a strong base and can react exothermically with acids, which may pose a fire or explosion hazard if not handled properly. its low solubility in water limits its dispersion in aquatic environments but does not eliminate the risk of contamination.

3. toxicological profile

the toxicological profile of nmcha has been studied extensively, with a focus on its effects on the respiratory system, skin, and eyes, as well as its potential for systemic toxicity. the following sections summarize the key findings from both animal and human studies.

3.1 acute toxicity

acute toxicity refers to the harmful effects of nmcha after a single or short-term exposure. the most common routes of exposure are inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact.

route of exposure ld₅₀ (mg/kg) lc₅₀ (mg/l) reference
oral (rat) 2,000 n/a oecd (2004)
inhalation (rat) n/a 2,000 ppm/4 hr atsdr (2005)
dermal (rabbit) 2,500 n/a hsdb (2006)

the oral ld₅₀ value for nmcha in rats is 2,000 mg/kg, indicating moderate toxicity. inhalation exposure to nmcha at concentrations of 2,000 ppm for 4 hours resulted in significant respiratory irritation and mortality in rats. dermal exposure in rabbits showed similar toxicity, with an ld₅₀ of 2,500 mg/kg.

3.2 chronic toxicity

chronic toxicity refers to the long-term effects of repeated exposure to nmcha. studies have shown that prolonged exposure can lead to respiratory issues, liver damage, and neurological effects.

a study by the national institute for occupational safety and health (niosh, 2008) found that workers exposed to nmcha over several years experienced chronic bronchitis, coughing, and shortness of breath. animal studies have also reported liver enzyme elevations and histopathological changes in the liver and kidneys after prolonged inhalation exposure (atsdr, 2005).

3.3 carcinogenicity

the international agency for research on cancer (iarc) has classified nmcha as "not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans" (group 3). however, some studies have suggested a potential link between long-term exposure to nmcha and increased cancer risk. a retrospective cohort study by the u.s. environmental protection agency (epa, 2010) found a higher incidence of lung cancer among workers exposed to nmcha in the polyurethane foam industry. however, further research is needed to establish a definitive causal relationship.

3.4 reproductive and developmental toxicity

nmcha has been shown to have reproductive and developmental effects in animal studies. a study by the european chemicals agency (echa, 2012) found that pregnant rats exposed to nmcha exhibited reduced fetal weight and increased rates of skeletal malformations. in addition, male rats exposed to high concentrations of nmcha showed reduced sperm count and motility, suggesting potential reproductive toxicity.

human studies are limited, but a case report by the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc, 2009) described a female worker who experienced spontaneous abortion after working with nmcha for several months. while this case does not provide conclusive evidence, it highlights the need for caution in occupational settings where women of childbearing age may be exposed.

3.5 neurotoxicity

nmcha has been associated with neurotoxic effects, particularly after high-dose or prolonged exposure. a study by the university of california, berkeley (ucb, 2011) found that rats exposed to nmcha via inhalation exhibited impaired motor coordination, tremors, and seizures. the mechanism of neurotoxicity is thought to involve the disruption of neurotransmitter systems, particularly acetylcholine and gaba.

in humans, symptoms of nmcha neurotoxicity may include headaches, dizziness, confusion, and memory loss. workers in industries where nmcha is used should be monitored for these symptoms, especially if they are exposed to high concentrations or for extended periods.

4. exposure routes and risk assessment

nmcha can enter the human body through several routes, including inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact. the risk of exposure depends on the concentration of nmcha, the duration of exposure, and the protective measures in place.

4.1 inhalation

inhalation is the most common route of exposure to nmcha, particularly in industrial settings where it is used as a catalyst. the vapor pressure of nmcha is relatively low, but it can still pose a significant risk in poorly ventilated areas. symptoms of inhalation exposure include respiratory irritation, coughing, shortness of breath, and, in severe cases, pulmonary edema.

to minimize the risk of inhalation exposure, workers should use local exhaust ventilation systems and wear appropriate respiratory protection, such as niosh-approved respirators. employers should also conduct regular air monitoring to ensure that nmcha concentrations remain below permissible exposure limits (pels).

4.2 dermal contact

dermal contact with nmcha can cause skin irritation, redness, and burns. prolonged or repeated exposure may lead to dermatitis or sensitization. nmcha’s basic nature can also cause chemical burns, particularly if it comes into contact with mucous membranes or broken skin.

workers should wear impermeable gloves, protective clothing, and eye protection when handling nmcha. if skin contact occurs, the affected area should be washed immediately with soap and water. in cases of eye contact, the eyes should be flushed with water for at least 15 minutes, and medical attention should be sought.

4.3 ingestion

ingestion of nmcha is less common but can occur through accidental swallowing or hand-to-mouth transfer. symptoms of ingestion include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and gastrointestinal irritation. in severe cases, ingestion can lead to esophageal burns or aspiration pneumonia.

if nmcha is ingested, the individual should not induce vomiting unless instructed by a healthcare professional. instead, they should rinse their mouth with water and seek immediate medical attention. employers should ensure that nmcha is stored in clearly labeled containers and that workers are trained to avoid contact with food or beverages while handling the chemical.

5. regulatory guidelines and safety measures

several organizations have established guidelines for the safe handling and disposal of nmcha. these guidelines are designed to protect workers, the public, and the environment from the potential hazards associated with nmcha exposure.

5.1 permissible exposure limits (pels)

the occupational safety and health administration (osha) has set a pel for nmcha of 5 ppm (8-hour time-weighted average) and a short-term exposure limit (stel) of 10 ppm (15-minute ceiling). the american conference of governmental industrial hygienists (acgih) recommends a threshold limit value (tlv) of 5 ppm for nmcha, with a stel of 10 ppm.

employers must ensure that workers’ exposure to nmcha remains below these limits. if air monitoring reveals concentrations above the pel or tlv, employers should take corrective actions, such as improving ventilation or providing personal protective equipment (ppe).

5.2 personal protective equipment (ppe)

workers handling nmcha should wear appropriate ppe, including:

  • respiratory protection: niosh-approved respirators, such as n95 or p100 filters, should be worn in areas where nmcha vapors are present.
  • eye protection: safety goggles or face shields should be worn to prevent eye contact with nmcha.
  • skin protection: impermeable gloves, such as nitrile or neoprene, should be worn to prevent skin contact. long-sleeved shirts and pants should also be worn to protect exposed skin.
  • foot protection: chemical-resistant boots should be worn in areas where nmcha spills are possible.
5.3 emergency response

in the event of a nmcha spill or release, the following emergency response procedures should be followed:

  • evacuation: evacuate the area immediately if nmcha vapors are present. move to a well-ventilated area and account for all personnel.
  • ventilation: increase ventilation in the affected area to reduce nmcha concentrations. use fans or exhaust systems to remove vapors from enclosed spaces.
  • spill containment: contain the spill using absorbent materials, such as vermiculite or sand. avoid using water, as it may increase the spread of nmcha.
  • disposal: dispose of nmcha and contaminated materials in accordance with local, state, and federal regulations. nmcha should be treated as a hazardous waste and disposed of at an approved facility.

6. environmental impact

nmcha’s environmental impact is primarily related to its potential for soil and water contamination. while nmcha is not highly soluble in water, it can persist in the environment for extended periods due to its low volatility and biodegradability.

6.1 soil contamination

nmcha can bind to soil particles and remain in the environment for several weeks or months. this can lead to bioaccumulation in plants and animals, potentially affecting ecosystems. a study by the environmental protection agency (epa, 2013) found that nmcha was detected in soil samples near industrial facilities where it was used, raising concerns about long-term environmental exposure.

6.2 water contamination

although nmcha is only slightly soluble in water, it can still pose a risk to aquatic life if released into water bodies. a study by the european union (eu, 2014) found that nmcha was toxic to fish and other aquatic organisms at concentrations as low as 1 mg/l. to prevent water contamination, nmcha should be stored in sealed containers and handled with care to avoid spills or leaks.

6.3 air pollution

nmcha can contribute to air pollution if released into the atmosphere. its vapor pressure is relatively low, but it can still form aerosols or particulate matter, which can be transported over long distances. a study by the world health organization (who, 2015) found that nmcha emissions from industrial sources were associated with increased levels of fine particulate matter (pm2.5) in nearby communities, leading to respiratory health issues.

7. conclusion

n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine (nmcha) is a valuable chemical in the production of polyurethane foams, epoxy resins, and other polymers. however, its use poses significant risks to human health and the environment. acute and chronic exposure to nmcha can lead to respiratory issues, liver damage, neurotoxicity, and potential reproductive and developmental effects. proper handling, including the use of personal protective equipment and adherence to regulatory guidelines, is essential to minimize the risks associated with nmcha exposure.

further research is needed to fully understand the long-term health effects of nmcha, particularly in relation to carcinogenicity and reproductive toxicity. environmental monitoring and pollution control measures should also be implemented to prevent soil and water contamination. by taking a proactive approach to nmcha safety, industries can continue to benefit from its utility while protecting the health of workers and the environment.

references

  1. oecd (2004). sids initial assessment report for n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine. organisation for economic co-operation and development.
  2. atsdr (2005). toxicological profile for n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine. agency for toxic substances and disease registry.
  3. hsdb (2006). hazardous substances data bank: n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine. national library of medicine.
  4. niosh (2008). criteria for a recommended standard: occupational exposure to n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine. national institute for occupational safety and health.
  5. epa (2010). health assessment document for n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine. u.s. environmental protection agency.
  6. echa (2012). risk assessment report for n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine. european chemicals agency.
  7. cdc (2009). case report: spontaneous abortion following exposure to n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine. centers for disease control and prevention.
  8. ucb (2011). neurotoxicity of n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine in rats. university of california, berkeley.
  9. epa (2013). environmental fate and transport of n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine. u.s. environmental protection agency.
  10. eu (2014). aquatic toxicity of n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine. european union.
  11. who (2015). air pollution and health: the role of n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine. world health organization.

regulatory compliance guidelines for n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine trade
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regulatory compliance guidelines for n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine trade

introduction

n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine (nmdc) is a versatile organic compound used in various industries, including pharmaceuticals, plastics, and chemical synthesis. due to its wide range of applications, the trade of nmdc is subject to stringent regulatory compliance guidelines to ensure safety, environmental protection, and public health. this comprehensive guide aims to provide detailed information on the regulatory requirements for nmdc trade, covering product parameters, international and domestic regulations, and best practices for compliance.

1. product parameters of n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine

nmdc is an important intermediate in the production of several chemicals and materials. understanding its physical and chemical properties is crucial for ensuring safe handling, storage, and transportation. the following table summarizes the key parameters of nmdc:

parameter value
chemical formula c10h21n
molecular weight 159.3 g/mol
cas number 101-84-7
appearance colorless to pale yellow liquid
boiling point 226-228°c
melting point -27°c
density 0.87 g/cm³ at 20°c
solubility in water slightly soluble
flash point 95°c
ph 10.5-11.5 (1% solution)
vapor pressure 0.01 mmhg at 25°c
autoignition temperature 375°c
refractive index 1.465 (at 20°c)
odor amine-like, fishy odor

2. international regulatory framework

the global trade of nmdc is governed by various international agreements, conventions, and standards. these regulations aim to harmonize the rules across different countries to facilitate trade while ensuring safety and environmental protection. key international frameworks include:

2.1. united nations recommendations on the transport of dangerous goods (un rtdg)

the un rtdg provides a globally recognized set of guidelines for the safe transport of hazardous materials, including nmdc. according to the un rtdg, nmdc is classified as a class 3 flammable liquid (un 2252). the following table outlines the specific transport requirements for nmdc:

transport mode packaging group labeling requirements additional requirements
road ii flammable liquid, toxic use of approved containers, proper ventilation
rail ii flammable liquid, toxic segregation from incompatible materials
sea (imo imdg code) ii flammable liquid, toxic declaration to ship’s master, segregation from foodstuffs
air (iata dgr) ii flammable liquid, toxic limited quantities only, no bulk shipments
2.2. globally harmonized system of classification and labeling of chemicals (ghs)

the ghs is a widely adopted system for classifying and labeling chemicals based on their hazards. nmdc is classified under the following hazard categories:

hazard category classification pictogram signal word hazard statement
flammable liquids category 3 flame warning highly flammable liquid and vapor.
skin corrosion/irritation category 2 exclamation mark danger causes serious eye irritation.
specific target organ toxicity (stot) category 1 health hazard danger may cause respiratory irritation.
aquatic toxicity category 2 fish and tree warning harmful to aquatic life with long-lasting effects.
2.3. registration, evaluation, authorization, and restriction of chemicals (reach)

the reach regulation, enforced by the european union (eu), requires manufacturers and importers of chemicals to register substances like nmdc if they are produced or imported in quantities exceeding 1 ton per year. nmdc is listed in the reach database, and companies must comply with the registration, evaluation, and authorization processes. the following table summarizes the key reach requirements for nmdc:

requirement description
pre-registration companies must pre-register nmdc before submitting a full registration dossier.
registration dossier a detailed technical file must be submitted, including information on physicochemical properties, toxicity, ecotoxicity, and risk management measures.
substance evaluation eu authorities may request additional data or testing to assess the risks associated with nmdc.
authorization nmdc is not currently subject to authorization, but it may be restricted under certain conditions.
restriction nmdc is not currently restricted, but companies must comply with any future restrictions imposed by the eu.
2.4. toxic substances control act (tsca)

in the united states, the tsca regulates the manufacture, import, processing, and distribution of chemical substances, including nmdc. under tsca, nmdc is listed on the tsca inventory, and companies must comply with reporting, record-keeping, and testing requirements. the following table outlines the key tsca requirements for nmdc:

requirement description
pre-manufacture notification (pmn) if nmdc is being manufactured or imported for the first time, a pmn must be submitted to the epa.
significant new use rule (snur) nmdc is not currently subject to a snur, but companies must notify the epa if they intend to use nmdc for a significant new use.
import certification importers of nmdc must certify that the substance complies with tsca regulations.
reporting and record-keeping companies must maintain records of nmdc production, import, and use, and report any significant adverse effects to the epa.

3. domestic regulatory framework

in addition to international regulations, countries have their own national laws and regulations governing the trade of nmdc. below are some examples of domestic regulatory frameworks in major markets:

3.1. china

china has implemented strict regulations to control the production, import, and use of chemicals, including nmdc. the primary legislation governing chemical trade in china is the "regulations on the administration of chemicals" (rac). nmdc is listed in the "catalogue of dangerous chemicals," and companies must comply with the following requirements:

requirement description
safety data sheet (sds) companies must provide an sds for nmdc, which includes information on hazards, handling, and emergency response.
permit for production/import companies must obtain a permit from the ministry of industry and information technology (miit) to produce or import nmdc.
environmental impact assessment (eia) an eia must be conducted for facilities producing or using nmdc to assess potential environmental impacts.
waste management companies must comply with waste management regulations, including proper disposal of nmdc-containing waste.
3.2. japan

japan regulates the trade of nmdc under the "act on the evaluation of chemical substances and regulation of their manufacture, etc." (cscl). nmdc is classified as a "designated chemical substance," and companies must comply with the following requirements:

requirement description
notification of production/import companies must notify the ministry of economy, trade, and industry (meti) when producing or importing nmdc.
risk assessment meti may conduct a risk assessment to determine the potential hazards of nmdc.
labeling and packaging nmdc must be labeled and packaged according to the cscl, including hazard warnings and safety instructions.
monitoring and reporting companies must monitor the use of nmdc and report any incidents or adverse effects to meti.
3.3. india

india regulates the trade of nmdc under the "environment protection act, 1986" (epa) and the "rules for manufacture, storage, and import of hazardous chemicals, 1989." nmdc is classified as a hazardous chemical, and companies must comply with the following requirements:

requirement description
registration companies must register with the central pollution control board (cpcb) to produce, store, or import nmdc.
safety data sheet (sds) an sds must be provided for nmdc, including information on hazards, handling, and emergency response.
environmental clearance facilities producing or using nmdc must obtain environmental clearance from the cpcb.
waste management companies must comply with waste management regulations, including proper disposal of nmdc-containing waste.

4. best practices for regulatory compliance

to ensure compliance with the various regulations governing nmdc trade, companies should adopt the following best practices:

4.1. conduct thorough risk assessments

before importing, producing, or using nmdc, companies should conduct a thorough risk assessment to identify potential hazards and develop appropriate risk management measures. this includes evaluating the risks to human health, the environment, and property.

4.2. develop robust safety data sheets (sds)

an accurate and up-to-date sds is essential for ensuring the safe handling, storage, and transportation of nmdc. the sds should include information on the physical and chemical properties of nmdc, as well as its hazards, first aid measures, and emergency response procedures.

4.3. implement proper labeling and packaging

nmdc must be properly labeled and packaged in accordance with international and domestic regulations. labels should include hazard warnings, safety instructions, and contact information for the manufacturer or supplier. packaging should be designed to prevent leaks, spills, and contamination.

4.4. ensure safe handling and storage

companies should establish clear protocols for the safe handling and storage of nmdc. this includes providing appropriate personal protective equipment (ppe), training employees on safe handling procedures, and implementing engineering controls to minimize exposure.

4.5. comply with transportation regulations

when transporting nmdc, companies must comply with all applicable transportation regulations, including those related to packaging, labeling, and documentation. it is also important to ensure that transport vehicles are properly maintained and that drivers are trained in emergency response procedures.

4.6. monitor and report incidents

companies should monitor the use of nmdc and report any incidents or adverse effects to the relevant authorities. this includes reporting spills, leaks, and other accidents, as well as any health or environmental impacts associated with the use of nmdc.

5. conclusion

the trade of n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine is subject to a complex web of international and domestic regulations aimed at ensuring safety, environmental protection, and public health. by understanding the key product parameters, international frameworks, and domestic regulations, companies can navigate the regulatory landscape and ensure compliance. adopting best practices for risk assessment, safety data sheets, labeling, handling, transportation, and incident reporting will help companies meet their regulatory obligations and operate safely and responsibly.

references

  1. united nations. (2021). recommendations on the transport of dangerous goods: manual of tests and criteria (rev. 7). geneva: united nations.
  2. european chemicals agency (echa). (2021). guidance on registration under reach. helsinki: echa.
  3. u.s. environmental protection agency (epa). (2020). toxic substances control act (tsca) inventory. washington, d.c.: epa.
  4. ministry of industry and information technology (miit). (2021). regulations on the administration of chemicals. beijing: miit.
  5. ministry of economy, trade, and industry (meti). (2020). act on the evaluation of chemical substances and regulation of their manufacture, etc. tokyo: meti.
  6. central pollution control board (cpcb). (2019). rules for manufacture, storage, and import of hazardous chemicals. new delhi: cpcb.
  7. oecd. (2018). globally harmonized system of classification and labelling of chemicals (ghs). paris: oecd.
  8. world health organization (who). (2019). international programme on chemical safety (ipcs). geneva: who.
  9. international maritime organization (imo). (2020). international maritime dangerous goods (imdg) code. london: imo.
  10. international air transport association (iata). (2021). dangerous goods regulations (dgr). montreal: iata.

this comprehensive guide provides a detailed overview of the regulatory compliance requirements for n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine trade, ensuring that companies can operate safely and responsibly in the global market.

n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine influence on plasticizers performance
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n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine (nmdc) influence on plasticizers performance

abstract

n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine (nmdc) is a versatile organic compound widely used in various industrial applications, including as a catalyst, stabilizer, and additive in polymer processing. this paper explores the influence of nmdc on the performance of plasticizers, focusing on its role in enhancing the compatibility, stability, and mechanical properties of plasticized polymers. the study integrates data from both domestic and international sources, providing a comprehensive analysis of nmdc’s impact on different types of plasticizers. the paper also discusses the potential challenges and opportunities associated with the use of nmdc in plasticizer formulations, supported by detailed product parameters, experimental results, and literature reviews.

1. introduction

plasticizers are essential additives in the polymer industry, used to improve the flexibility, processability, and durability of plastic materials. they work by reducing the intermolecular forces between polymer chains, allowing for greater chain mobility and enhanced material properties. however, the effectiveness of plasticizers can be influenced by various factors, including the type of polymer, the chemical structure of the plasticizer, and the presence of other additives. one such additive that has garnered significant attention is n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine (nmdc).

nmdc is a tertiary amine with the molecular formula c10h19n. it is commonly used as a catalyst in various chemical reactions, particularly in the synthesis of polyurethanes and epoxy resins. however, recent studies have shown that nmdc can also play a crucial role in enhancing the performance of plasticizers in polymer systems. this paper aims to provide an in-depth analysis of how nmdc affects the performance of plasticizers, focusing on its impact on compatibility, stability, and mechanical properties.

2. properties of n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine (nmdc)

2.1 chemical structure and physical properties

nmdc is a colorless liquid with a characteristic amine odor. its molecular structure consists of two cyclohexyl groups attached to a nitrogen atom, with one methyl group also bonded to the nitrogen. the chemical structure of nmdc is shown below:

[
text{c}{10}text{h}{19}text{n}
]

property value
molecular weight 153.26 g/mol
melting point -47°c
boiling point 228°c
density 0.86 g/cm³ at 20°c
solubility in water slightly soluble
flash point 96°c
refractive index 1.455 (at 20°c)

2.2 functional groups and reactivity

the presence of the tertiary amine functional group in nmdc makes it highly reactive, particularly in acidic environments. this reactivity allows nmdc to act as a base, accepting protons and forming salts with acids. in polymer systems, this property can be exploited to enhance the compatibility between the plasticizer and the polymer matrix, especially in cases where the polymer contains acidic or polar groups.

nmdc also exhibits excellent solvating properties, which can improve the dispersion of plasticizers within the polymer matrix. this is particularly important for plasticizers that are poorly miscible with certain polymers, as nmdc can help to reduce phase separation and promote a more uniform distribution of the plasticizer.

3. influence of nmdc on plasticizer performance

3.1 compatibility with polymers

one of the key challenges in plasticizer formulation is ensuring good compatibility between the plasticizer and the polymer matrix. poor compatibility can lead to issues such as phase separation, blooming, and reduced mechanical properties. nmdc has been shown to significantly improve the compatibility of plasticizers with various polymers, particularly those containing polar or acidic functional groups.

a study by zhang et al. (2018) investigated the effect of nmdc on the compatibility of dioctyl phthalate (dop) with polyvinyl chloride (pvc). the results showed that the addition of nmdc improved the miscibility of dop with pvc, as evidenced by a reduction in the size of the plasticizer domains observed under transmission electron microscopy (tem). the authors attributed this improvement to the ability of nmdc to form hydrogen bonds with the polar chlorine atoms in pvc, thereby enhancing the interaction between the plasticizer and the polymer.

polymer plasticizer nmdc concentration (wt%) compatibility improvement (%)
pvc dop 1 +25%
pvc dinp 2 +30%
pet dbp 1.5 +20%
pu totm 0.5 +15%

3.2 stability of plasticized polymers

the long-term stability of plasticized polymers is critical for their performance in various applications. factors such as thermal degradation, uv exposure, and oxidative stress can cause the plasticizer to migrate out of the polymer matrix, leading to a loss of flexibility and mechanical properties. nmdc has been shown to enhance the stability of plasticized polymers by acting as a stabilizer and antioxidant.

a study by kim et al. (2020) evaluated the effect of nmdc on the thermal stability of plasticized pvc. the results showed that the addition of nmdc increased the onset temperature of thermal decomposition by 15°c, as measured by thermogravimetric analysis (tga). the authors suggested that nmdc acts as a nucleophile, scavenging free radicals generated during thermal degradation and thus preventing further chain scission.

polymer plasticizer nmdc concentration (wt%) onset temperature of decomposition (°c)
pvc dop 0 285
pvc dop 1 300
pvc dinp 2 310
pet dbp 1.5 295

3.3 mechanical properties of plasticized polymers

the mechanical properties of plasticized polymers, such as tensile strength, elongation at break, and impact resistance, are crucial for their performance in various applications. nmdc has been shown to enhance the mechanical properties of plasticized polymers by improving the interaction between the plasticizer and the polymer matrix.

a study by li et al. (2019) investigated the effect of nmdc on the mechanical properties of plasticized pvc. the results showed that the addition of nmdc increased the elongation at break by 20% and the impact resistance by 15%, as measured by tensile testing and izod impact testing, respectively. the authors attributed these improvements to the enhanced compatibility between the plasticizer and the polymer, which led to better stress transfer and energy dissipation.

polymer plasticizer nmdc concentration (wt%) elongation at break (%) impact resistance (j/m)
pvc dop 0 150 50
pvc dop 1 180 57.5
pvc dinp 2 190 60
pet dbp 1.5 160 55

4. case studies and applications

4.1 application in polyvinyl chloride (pvc)

pvc is one of the most widely used polymers in the plastic industry, particularly in applications such as building materials, automotive parts, and medical devices. the addition of plasticizers is essential for improving the flexibility and processability of pvc. nmdc has been shown to enhance the performance of plasticizers in pvc, particularly in terms of compatibility, stability, and mechanical properties.

a case study by wang et al. (2021) examined the use of nmdc in plasticized pvc for automotive interior components. the results showed that the addition of nmdc improved the compatibility between the plasticizer and the pvc matrix, resulting in a more uniform distribution of the plasticizer and reduced blooming. additionally, the thermal stability of the plasticized pvc was enhanced, with a 10°c increase in the onset temperature of thermal decomposition. the mechanical properties were also improved, with a 15% increase in elongation at break and a 10% increase in impact resistance.

4.2 application in polyethylene terephthalate (pet)

pet is a high-performance polymer used in a wide range of applications, including packaging, fibers, and engineering plastics. the addition of plasticizers can improve the flexibility and processability of pet, particularly in thin films and flexible containers. nmdc has been shown to enhance the performance of plasticizers in pet, particularly in terms of compatibility and mechanical properties.

a case study by chen et al. (2022) investigated the use of nmdc in plasticized pet for food packaging applications. the results showed that the addition of nmdc improved the compatibility between the plasticizer and the pet matrix, resulting in a more uniform distribution of the plasticizer and reduced phase separation. additionally, the mechanical properties were enhanced, with a 20% increase in elongation at break and a 15% increase in impact resistance. the thermal stability of the plasticized pet was also improved, with a 5°c increase in the onset temperature of thermal decomposition.

4.3 application in polyurethane (pu)

pu is a versatile polymer used in a wide range of applications, including foams, coatings, and elastomers. the addition of plasticizers can improve the flexibility and processability of pu, particularly in soft foam and elastomer applications. nmdc has been shown to enhance the performance of plasticizers in pu, particularly in terms of compatibility and mechanical properties.

a case study by park et al. (2023) examined the use of nmdc in plasticized pu for footwear applications. the results showed that the addition of nmdc improved the compatibility between the plasticizer and the pu matrix, resulting in a more uniform distribution of the plasticizer and reduced phase separation. additionally, the mechanical properties were enhanced, with a 15% increase in elongation at break and a 10% increase in impact resistance. the thermal stability of the plasticized pu was also improved, with a 10°c increase in the onset temperature of thermal decomposition.

5. challenges and opportunities

while nmdc offers several advantages in enhancing the performance of plasticizers, there are also some challenges associated with its use. one of the main challenges is the potential for nmdc to volatilize at high temperatures, which can lead to a loss of its beneficial effects. additionally, nmdc may react with certain types of plasticizers, leading to the formation of undesirable by-products.

to address these challenges, future research should focus on developing new formulations that minimize the volatility of nmdc while maintaining its beneficial effects. this could involve the use of encapsulation techniques or the development of hybrid plasticizers that combine the benefits of nmdc with other additives. another opportunity lies in exploring the use of nmdc in emerging polymer systems, such as biodegradable polymers and nanocomposites, where its unique properties could offer significant advantages.

6. conclusion

in conclusion, n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine (nmdc) has a significant influence on the performance of plasticizers in polymer systems. it enhances the compatibility between the plasticizer and the polymer matrix, improves the thermal stability of plasticized polymers, and enhances their mechanical properties. these benefits make nmdc a valuable additive in a wide range of applications, from building materials to automotive parts and food packaging. however, challenges such as volatility and reactivity with certain plasticizers must be addressed to fully realize the potential of nmdc in plasticizer formulations. future research should focus on developing new formulations and exploring new applications for nmdc in emerging polymer systems.

references

  1. zhang, y., wang, l., & li, j. (2018). effect of n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine on the compatibility of dioctyl phthalate with polyvinyl chloride. journal of applied polymer science, 135(12), 46789.
  2. kim, h., lee, s., & park, j. (2020). thermal stabilization of plasticized polyvinyl chloride by n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine. polymer degradation and stability, 177, 109285.
  3. li, x., chen, w., & liu, z. (2019). enhancement of mechanical properties of plasticized polyvinyl chloride by n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine. materials chemistry and physics, 226, 254-261.
  4. wang, m., zhang, y., & liu, h. (2021). application of n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine in plasticized polyvinyl chloride for automotive interior components. journal of materials science, 56(12), 8976-8985.
  5. chen, l., wu, y., & zhou, x. (2022). use of n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine in plasticized polyethylene terephthalate for food packaging applications. journal of applied polymer science, 139(15), 47890.
  6. park, j., kim, h., & lee, s. (2023). effect of n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine on the performance of plasticized polyurethane for footwear applications. polymer engineering and science, 63(5), 789-796.

safety data sheet information for n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine material
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safety data sheet (sds) for n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine

1. identification

product name: n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine
cas number: 139-04-7
molecular formula: c13h25n
molecular weight: 199.35 g/mol
synonyms: methyl-dicyclohexylamine, dicyclohexylmethylamine, methyl-bis(cyclohexyl)amine
supplier: [your company name]
address: [your address]
emergency phone number: [your emergency contact]

2. hazard identification

n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine (mdcha) is a colorless to pale yellow liquid with an ammonia-like odor. it is used as a catalyst in various chemical reactions, particularly in the polymerization of epoxy resins and the preparation of polyurethanes. mdcha is classified as a hazardous substance due to its potential health and environmental risks.

hazard statement description
h302 harmful if swallowed.
h312 harmful in contact with skin.
h315 causes skin irritation.
h318 causes serious eye damage.
h332 harmful if inhaled.
h411 toxic to aquatic life with long-lasting effects.

3. composition/information on ingredients

component cas number concentration (%)
n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine 139-04-7 99.0 – 100.0
impurities n/a < 1.0

4. first-aid measures

4.1 ingestion
  • symptoms: nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and possible liver or kidney damage.
  • first aid: do not induce vomiting. rinse mouth with water. if symptoms persist, seek medical attention immediately.
4.2 skin contact
  • symptoms: irritation, redness, and possible burns.
  • first aid: immediately remove contaminated clothing and rinse affected area with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. if irritation persists, seek medical attention.
4.3 eye contact
  • symptoms: severe eye irritation, redness, and possible corneal damage.
  • first aid: immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. remove contact lenses if present. seek medical attention immediately.
4.4 inhalation
  • symptoms: coughing, shortness of breath, dizziness, and possible respiratory tract irritation.
  • first aid: move victim to fresh air. if breathing is difficult, administer oxygen. if not breathing, perform artificial respiration. seek medical attention immediately.

5. fire-fighting measures

5.1 suitable extinguishing media
  • water spray, foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide (co2).
5.2 special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
  • mdcha is flammable and can release toxic fumes when heated or burned. avoid exposure to heat, sparks, or open flames.
5.3 advice for firefighters
  • wear full protective clothing, including self-contained breathing apparatus (scba). keep unnecessary personnel away from the fire zone. ensure adequate ventilation to prevent the accumulation of toxic fumes.

6. accidental release measures

6.1 personal precautions, protective equipment, and emergency procedures
  • evacuate the area and isolate the spill site. wear appropriate personal protective equipment (ppe), including gloves, goggles, and a respirator. avoid contact with the spilled material.
6.2 environmental precautions
  • prevent the material from entering drains, sewers, or water bodies. use absorbent materials to contain the spill. dispose of contaminated materials according to local regulations.
6.3 methods and materials for containment and cleaning up
  • use absorbent pads, vermiculite, or sand to absorb the spill. collect the absorbed material and place it in a sealed container for disposal. wash the affected area with water and neutralize any remaining residue with a mild acid solution.

7. handling and storage

7.1 precautions for safe handling
  • handle in a well-ventilated area. avoid contact with skin, eyes, and clothing. use appropriate ppe, including gloves, goggles, and a respirator. keep away from heat, sparks, and open flames. avoid inhalation of vapors.
7.2 conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities
  • store in tightly closed containers in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area. keep away from incompatible materials such as strong acids, oxidizers, and halogenated compounds. store in a separate location from food and beverages.

8. exposure controls/personal protection

8.1 control parameters
  • exposure limits: the occupational safety and health administration (osha) has set a permissible exposure limit (pel) of 10 ppm (parts per million) for mdcha. the american conference of governmental industrial hygienists (acgih) recommends a threshold limit value (tlv) of 5 ppm.
8.2 exposure controls
  • use engineering controls such as local exhaust ventilation (lev) to reduce airborne concentrations. implement administrative controls, such as limiting exposure time and providing training on safe handling procedures.
8.3 personal protective equipment (ppe)
  • respiratory protection: use a respirator with organic vapor cartridges if engineering controls are insufficient.
  • eye protection: wear chemical splash goggles or a face shield.
  • skin protection: use chemical-resistant gloves made of nitrile or neoprene. wear protective clothing to cover exposed skin.
  • hand hygiene: wash hands thoroughly after handling mdcha and before eating, drinking, or smoking.

9. physical and chemical properties

property value
appearance colorless to pale yellow liquid
odor ammonia-like
melting point -22°c (-7.6°f)
boiling point 226°c (439°f)
flash point 93°c (199.4°f)
autoignition temperature 250°c (482°f)
density 0.86 g/cm³ at 20°c (68°f)
solubility in water slightly soluble (0.5 g/100 ml at 20°c)
vapor pressure 0.1 mm hg at 25°c (77°f)
ph basic (ph > 7)
refractive index 1.462 at 20°c (68°f)

10. stability and reactivity

10.1 reactivity
  • mdcha is stable under normal conditions but may react violently with strong acids, oxidizers, and halogenated compounds. it can also form explosive mixtures with certain chemicals.
10.2 chemical stability
  • stable under normal temperatures and pressures. avoid exposure to high temperatures, which can lead to decomposition and the release of toxic fumes.
10.3 hazardous decomposition products
  • when heated or burned, mdcha can release toxic fumes, including nitrogen oxides (nox), ammonia (nh₃), and other harmful gases.
10.4 incompatible materials
  • strong acids, oxidizers, halogenated compounds, and reactive metals.

11. toxicological information

11.1 acute toxicity
  • oral ld50 (rat): 1,500 mg/kg
  • dermal ld50 (rabbit): 2,000 mg/kg
  • inhalation lc50 (rat): 5,000 ppm/4 hours
11.2 skin irritation/corrosion
  • mdcha can cause moderate to severe skin irritation. prolonged or repeated contact may lead to dermatitis or burns.
11.3 eye irritation
  • mdcha is highly irritating to the eyes and can cause severe corneal damage. immediate flushing with water is essential to prevent permanent injury.
11.4 respiratory sensitization
  • prolonged inhalation of mdcha vapors can cause respiratory irritation, coughing, and shortness of breath. repeated exposure may lead to chronic respiratory issues.
11.5 carcinogenicity
  • mdcha is not classified as a carcinogen by the international agency for research on cancer (iarc) or the national toxicology program (ntp).
11.6 reproductive toxicity
  • limited data suggest that mdcha may have adverse effects on reproductive health, particularly in high doses. further research is needed to fully understand its reproductive toxicity.
11.7 mutagenicity
  • mdcha is not known to be mutagenic. however, it is important to handle the material with care to avoid potential genetic damage.
11.8 toxicokinetics
  • mdcha is rapidly absorbed through the skin, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract. it is metabolized in the liver and excreted primarily through urine.

12. ecological information

12.1 toxicity to aquatic organisms
  • mdcha is highly toxic to aquatic life. it can cause significant harm to fish, invertebrates, and plants, even at low concentrations. long-term exposure can lead to population declines and ecosystem disruption.
12.2 bioaccumulation
  • mdcha has a moderate potential for bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms. it can accumulate in the tissues of fish and other aquatic species, leading to biomagnification in the food chain.
12.3 degradation
  • mdcha degrades slowly in the environment, particularly in water and soil. it may persist for several weeks or months, depending on environmental conditions.
12.4 mobility in soil
  • mdcha has a low mobility in soil due to its relatively high molecular weight and low solubility in water. it is unlikely to leach into groundwater under normal conditions.
12.5 other adverse effects
  • mdcha can contaminate soil and water sources, leading to long-term environmental damage. proper disposal and containment are essential to minimize its impact on ecosystems.

13. disposal considerations

13.1 waste disposal methods
  • dispose of mdcha in accordance with local, state, and federal regulations. it should be treated as hazardous waste and disposed of in a licensed facility. incineration is preferred, provided that emissions are controlled to prevent the release of toxic fumes.
13.2 contaminated packaging
  • empty containers should be rinsed with water and disposed of in accordance with local regulations. do not reuse containers that have held mdcha for other purposes.
13.3 spill cleanup
  • spilled mdcha should be collected using absorbent materials and disposed of as hazardous waste. the affected area should be cleaned with water and neutralized with a mild acid solution.

14. transport information

14.1 un number
  • un 2811, organic, corrosive, liquid, n.o.s. (n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine)
14.2 packing group
  • ii
14.3 marine pollutant
  • yes, mdcha is classified as a marine pollutant due to its toxicity to aquatic life.
14.4 special precautions for transport
  • ship in tightly sealed containers. protect from heat, sparks, and open flames. label containers with appropriate hazard warnings. provide emergency response information to transport personnel.

15. regulatory information

15.1 global harmonized system (ghs) classification
  • hazard class: acute toxicity (oral, dermal, inhalation), skin irritation, eye damage, specific target organ toxicity (stot) – single exposure, hazardous to the aquatic environment (long-term)
15.2 label elements
  • signal word: warning
  • pictograms: exclamation mark, skull and crossbones, fish and tree
  • precautionary statements: p261, p280, p301+p310, p302+p352, p305+p351+p338, p312, p337+p313, p363, p405, p501
15.3 other regulations
  • mdcha is regulated under the u.s. environmental protection agency (epa) as a hazardous substance under the resource conservation and recovery act (rcra). it is also subject to the toxic substances control act (tsca) and the clean water act (cwa).

16. other information

16.1 revision date
  • [insert revision date]
16.2 sources of additional information
16.3 disclaimer
  • this safety data sheet (sds) provides information based on the best available knowledge at the time of publication. however, the user is responsible for ensuring compliance with all applicable laws, regulations, and safety guidelines. the manufacturer or supplier assumes no liability for damages resulting from the improper use or handling of this product.

references

  1. occupational safety and health administration (osha). (2021). chemical hazard communication standard. retrieved from https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.1200.
  2. national institute for occupational safety and health (niosh). (2020). pocket guide to chemical hazards. retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/.
  3. european chemicals agency (echa). (2022). classification, labelling and packaging (clp) regulation. retrieved from https://echa.europa.eu/classification-and-labelling-of-chemicals.
  4. american chemistry council (acc). (2021). responsible care® initiative. retrieved from https://www.americanchemistry.com/policy/responsible-care.
  5. international agency for research on cancer (iarc). (2020). monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. retrieved from https://monographs.iarc.fr/.
  6. national toxicology program (ntp). (2021). report on carcinogens. retrieved from https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/whatwestudy/assessments/cancer/report/index.html.
  7. u.s. environmental protection agency (epa). (2022). toxic substances control act (tsca). retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/tsca.
  8. clean water act (cwa). (2021). u.s. environmental protection agency. retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/summary-clean-water-act.
  9. resource conservation and recovery act (rcra). (2021). u.s. environmental protection agency. retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/rcra.
  10. global harmonized system (ghs). (2022). united nations economic commission for europe (unece). retrieved from https://www.unece.org/trans/main/db/about.html.

this comprehensive safety data sheet (sds) for n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine provides detailed information on the product’s properties, hazards, and safe handling procedures. it is essential to follow all recommendations to ensure the safety of workers and the environment.

n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine utilization in polymer chemistry field
Published by BDMAEE on | Permalink

n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine utilization in polymer chemistry

abstract

n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine (nmcha) is a versatile tertiary amine that has found significant applications in the field of polymer chemistry. its unique chemical structure and properties make it an ideal catalyst, curing agent, and reaction mediator in various polymerization processes. this article provides an in-depth exploration of nmcha’s utilization in polymer chemistry, including its role in epoxy resins, polyurethanes, and other advanced polymers. the article also delves into the product parameters, reaction mechanisms, and recent advancements in the field, supported by extensive references from both international and domestic literature.

1. introduction to n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine (nmcha)

n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine (nmcha) is a tertiary amine with the molecular formula c₁₃h₂₅n. it is a colorless liquid with a characteristic amine odor and is widely used in the polymer industry due to its excellent catalytic properties. nmcha is synthesized by the alkylation of dicyclohexylamine with methyl chloride or methanol. its molecular structure consists of two cyclohexyl groups and one methyl group attached to a nitrogen atom, which imparts unique physical and chemical properties that are beneficial in polymer chemistry.

property value
molecular weight 199.34 g/mol
melting point -27°c
boiling point 265-267°c
density 0.88 g/cm³ at 20°c
solubility in water slightly soluble
flash point 105°c
refractive index 1.470 (at 20°c)

nmcha is known for its low toxicity, good thermal stability, and high reactivity, making it a preferred choice in many industrial applications. in polymer chemistry, nmcha is primarily used as a catalyst, curing agent, and reaction mediator, contributing to the development of high-performance polymers with enhanced mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties.

2. nmcha in epoxy resin systems

epoxy resins are widely used in various industries, including aerospace, automotive, electronics, and construction, due to their excellent adhesion, durability, and resistance to chemicals and heat. the curing process of epoxy resins involves the reaction between the epoxy groups and a curing agent, which can be an amine, acid anhydride, or other reactive compounds. nmcha is one of the most effective amine-based curing agents for epoxy resins, offering several advantages over other curing agents.

2.1 mechanism of action

nmcha acts as a tertiary amine catalyst in the curing of epoxy resins. the mechanism of action involves the following steps:

  1. protonation of epoxy groups: nmcha donates a proton to the oxygen atom of the epoxy group, forming a carbocation intermediate.
  2. nucleophilic attack: the nitrogen atom of nmcha then attacks the carbocation, leading to the opening of the epoxy ring.
  3. chain extension: the reaction continues with the formation of new bonds between the epoxy resin and the curing agent, resulting in the cross-linking of the polymer chains.

the use of nmcha as a curing agent for epoxy resins offers several benefits, including faster curing times, improved mechanical properties, and enhanced resistance to moisture and chemicals. additionally, nmcha can be used in combination with other curing agents, such as diethylenetriamine (deta) or triethylenetetramine (teta), to achieve optimal performance in different applications.

2.2 application in aerospace and automotive industries

in the aerospace and automotive industries, nmcha is used to cure epoxy resins for the production of lightweight, high-strength composite materials. these materials are essential for reducing the weight of aircraft and vehicles, improving fuel efficiency, and enhancing structural integrity. for example, nmcha-cured epoxy resins are commonly used in the manufacture of carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (cfrps), which are widely employed in the fuselage, wings, and engine components of modern aircraft.

a study by smith et al. (2018) demonstrated that nmcha-cured epoxy resins exhibit superior tensile strength, impact resistance, and thermal stability compared to traditional curing agents. the researchers also found that the addition of nmcha to the epoxy system resulted in a more uniform distribution of cross-links, leading to improved mechanical properties and reduced brittleness.

property nmcha-cured epoxy conventional curing agent
tensile strength 75 mpa 60 mpa
impact resistance 120 j/m 90 j/m
thermal stability 250°c 220°c
2.3 environmental and health considerations

one of the key advantages of nmcha over other curing agents is its lower toxicity and better environmental profile. unlike some aromatic amines, which are classified as carcinogens, nmcha is considered non-toxic and environmentally friendly. this makes it a safer alternative for use in industrial applications, particularly in environments where worker safety and environmental regulations are stringent.

3. nmcha in polyurethane systems

polyurethanes (pus) are a class of polymers that are widely used in coatings, adhesives, foams, and elastomers due to their excellent flexibility, toughness, and resistance to abrasion. the synthesis of polyurethanes involves the reaction between isocyanates and polyols, with the addition of catalysts to accelerate the reaction. nmcha is an effective catalyst for polyurethane reactions, particularly in the preparation of rigid and flexible foams.

3.1 mechanism of action

nmcha functions as a delayed-action catalyst in polyurethane systems. it promotes the reaction between isocyanate and water to form carbon dioxide, which is responsible for the foaming process. the delayed-action property of nmcha allows for better control over the foaming process, resulting in more uniform cell structures and improved foam quality.

the mechanism of nmcha in polyurethane foaming can be summarized as follows:

  1. isocyanate-water reaction: nmcha accelerates the reaction between isocyanate and water, producing urea and carbon dioxide.
  2. foam expansion: the release of carbon dioxide causes the foam to expand, forming a cellular structure.
  3. cross-linking: nmcha also promotes the reaction between isocyanate and polyol, leading to the formation of urethane linkages and cross-linking of the polymer chains.
3.2 application in rigid and flexible foams

nmcha is widely used in the production of both rigid and flexible polyurethane foams. rigid foams are commonly used in insulation materials for buildings, refrigerators, and pipelines, while flexible foams are used in furniture, mattresses, and automotive interiors. the use of nmcha in these applications results in foams with improved density, thermal insulation, and mechanical properties.

a study by zhang et al. (2020) investigated the effect of nmcha on the properties of rigid polyurethane foams. the researchers found that the addition of nmcha led to a significant increase in the compressive strength and thermal conductivity of the foams, while maintaining a low density. the delayed-action property of nmcha also allowed for better control over the foaming process, resulting in more uniform cell structures and reduced shrinkage.

property nmcha-catalyzed foam conventional catalyst
compressive strength 150 kpa 120 kpa
thermal conductivity 0.025 w/m·k 0.030 w/m·k
density 35 kg/m³ 40 kg/m³
3.3 application in coatings and adhesives

nmcha is also used as a catalyst in the formulation of polyurethane coatings and adhesives. these materials are widely used in the construction, automotive, and packaging industries due to their excellent adhesion, flexibility, and resistance to chemicals. the use of nmcha in these applications results in faster curing times, improved hardness, and enhanced durability.

a study by kim et al. (2019) evaluated the performance of nmcha-catalyzed polyurethane coatings on metal substrates. the researchers found that the coatings exhibited excellent adhesion, scratch resistance, and corrosion protection, even under harsh environmental conditions. the delayed-action property of nmcha also allowed for better control over the curing process, resulting in smoother and more uniform coatings.

4. nmcha in advanced polymer applications

in addition to its use in epoxy resins and polyurethanes, nmcha has found applications in the development of advanced polymers, including thermosetting resins, ionomers, and conductive polymers. these materials are used in a wide range of high-tech applications, such as electronics, energy storage, and biomedical devices.

4.1 thermosetting resins

thermosetting resins are polymers that undergo irreversible curing during processing, resulting in materials with high thermal stability and mechanical strength. nmcha is used as a curing agent in the synthesis of thermosetting resins, such as phenolic resins, melamine-formaldehyde resins, and unsaturated polyester resins. the use of nmcha in these systems results in faster curing times, improved dimensional stability, and enhanced resistance to heat and chemicals.

a study by lee et al. (2017) investigated the use of nmcha as a curing agent for phenolic resins. the researchers found that the addition of nmcha led to a significant increase in the glass transition temperature (tg) and char yield of the cured resins, indicating improved thermal stability. the nmcha-cured resins also exhibited excellent flame retardancy and low smoke generation, making them suitable for use in fire-resistant materials.

property nmcha-cured phenolic resin conventional curing agent
glass transition temperature (tg) 180°c 160°c
char yield 45% 35%
flame retardancy excellent good
4.2 ionomers

ionomers are copolymers that contain ionic groups, which impart unique properties such as improved adhesion, toughness, and transparency. nmcha is used as a neutralizing agent in the synthesis of ionomers, particularly in the preparation of ethylene-methacrylic acid (ema) copolymers. the use of nmcha in these systems results in ionomers with enhanced mechanical properties and improved resistance to moisture and chemicals.

a study by wang et al. (2021) evaluated the effect of nmcha on the properties of ema ionomers. the researchers found that the addition of nmcha led to a significant increase in the tensile strength and elongation at break of the ionomers, while maintaining high transparency. the nmcha-neutralized ionomers also exhibited excellent adhesion to various substrates, making them suitable for use in packaging films and adhesive tapes.

property nmcha-neutralized ionomer conventional neutralizer
tensile strength 35 mpa 30 mpa
elongation at break 500% 400%
transparency 90% 85%
4.3 conductive polymers

conductive polymers are materials that possess electrical conductivity, making them useful in electronic devices, sensors, and energy storage systems. nmcha is used as a dopant in the synthesis of conductive polymers, such as polyaniline and polypyrrole. the use of nmcha in these systems results in polymers with higher electrical conductivity and improved stability.

a study by liu et al. (2019) investigated the effect of nmcha on the conductivity of polyaniline. the researchers found that the addition of nmcha led to a significant increase in the electrical conductivity of the polymer, reaching values as high as 10⁻² s/cm. the nmcha-doped polyaniline also exhibited excellent stability under humid conditions, making it suitable for use in flexible electronics and wearable devices.

property nmcha-doped polyaniline undoped polyaniline
electrical conductivity 10⁻² s/cm 10⁻⁴ s/cm
stability in humid conditions excellent poor

5. recent advancements and future prospects

recent advancements in polymer chemistry have led to the development of new applications for nmcha in emerging fields such as 3d printing, nanocomposites, and biodegradable polymers. these developments are driven by the need for sustainable, high-performance materials that can meet the demands of modern industries.

5.1 3d printing

3d printing, also known as additive manufacturing, is a rapidly growing technology that allows for the production of complex three-dimensional objects with high precision. nmcha is used as a curing agent in the formulation of 3d printing resins, particularly for stereolithography (sla) and digital light processing (dlp) technologies. the use of nmcha in these systems results in faster curing times, improved mechanical properties, and enhanced surface finish.

a study by chen et al. (2022) demonstrated the use of nmcha-cured resins in the 3d printing of medical implants. the researchers found that the nmcha-cured resins exhibited excellent biocompatibility, mechanical strength, and dimensional accuracy, making them suitable for use in customized implants and prosthetics.

5.2 nanocomposites

nanocomposites are materials that contain nanoparticles dispersed in a polymer matrix, resulting in enhanced mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties. nmcha is used as a compatibilizer in the synthesis of nanocomposites, particularly in the preparation of clay-polymer nanocomposites. the use of nmcha in these systems results in better dispersion of nanoparticles and improved interfacial bonding between the nanoparticles and the polymer matrix.

a study by yang et al. (2021) investigated the effect of nmcha on the properties of clay-polymer nanocomposites. the researchers found that the addition of nmcha led to a significant increase in the tensile strength and thermal stability of the nanocomposites, while maintaining high flexibility. the nmcha-modified nanocomposites also exhibited excellent flame retardancy, making them suitable for use in fire-resistant materials.

5.3 biodegradable polymers

biodegradable polymers are materials that can degrade naturally in the environment, reducing the environmental impact of plastic waste. nmcha is used as a catalyst in the synthesis of biodegradable polymers, such as polylactic acid (pla) and polyhydroxyalkanoates (phas). the use of nmcha in these systems results in faster polymerization rates and improved mechanical properties.

a study by li et al. (2020) evaluated the effect of nmcha on the degradation behavior of pla. the researchers found that the addition of nmcha led to a significant increase in the degradation rate of pla, while maintaining high mechanical strength. the nmcha-modified pla also exhibited excellent biocompatibility, making it suitable for use in biomedical applications such as drug delivery systems and tissue engineering scaffolds.

6. conclusion

n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine (nmcha) is a versatile tertiary amine that plays a crucial role in the field of polymer chemistry. its unique chemical structure and properties make it an ideal catalyst, curing agent, and reaction mediator in various polymerization processes. nmcha has found widespread applications in epoxy resins, polyurethanes, and advanced polymers, contributing to the development of high-performance materials with enhanced mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties.

recent advancements in the field have expanded the use of nmcha in emerging areas such as 3d printing, nanocomposites, and biodegradable polymers, opening up new opportunities for innovation and sustainability. as research in polymer chemistry continues to evolve, nmcha is expected to play an increasingly important role in the development of next-generation materials that can meet the challenges of the future.

references

  1. smith, j., brown, m., & johnson, l. (2018). "enhanced mechanical properties of nmcha-cured epoxy resins for aerospace applications." journal of composite materials, 52(10), 1234-1245.
  2. zhang, y., wang, x., & chen, h. (2020). "effect of nmcha on the properties of rigid polyurethane foams." polymer engineering & science, 60(5), 987-994.
  3. kim, s., park, j., & lee, k. (2019). "performance evaluation of nmcha-catalyzed polyurethane coatings on metal substrates." surface and coatings technology, 372, 124-132.
  4. lee, j., cho, y., & kim, h. (2017). "improved thermal stability of nmcha-cured phenolic resins." journal of applied polymer science, 134(15), 45678.
  5. wang, l., zhang, q., & li, j. (2021). "properties of nmcha-neutralized ema ionomers." polymer bulletin, 78(6), 2345-2356.
  6. liu, z., chen, x., & wu, y. (2019). "enhanced conductivity of nmcha-doped polyaniline." synthetic metals, 252, 109-116.
  7. chen, g., li, y., & wang, f. (2022). "3d printing of nmcha-cured medical implants." additive manufacturing, 42, 101987.
  8. yang, h., zhang, l., & liu, m. (2021). "properties of nmcha-modified clay-polymer nanocomposites." composites part a: applied science and manufacturing, 145, 106089.
  9. li, p., wang, j., & chen, z. (2020). "degradation behavior of nmcha-modified polylactic acid." biomaterials, 234, 119765.

this comprehensive review of nmcha’s utilization in polymer chemistry highlights its importance in various industrial applications and its potential for future innovations. the article provides detailed information on the product parameters, reaction mechanisms, and recent advancements, supported by references from both international and domestic literature.

environmental impact assessment of n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine usage
Published by BDMAEE on | Permalink

environmental impact assessment of n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine usage

abstract

n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine (nmdc) is a versatile organic compound widely used in various industries, including pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and polymer synthesis. however, its environmental impact has raised concerns among scientists and policymakers. this comprehensive assessment evaluates the environmental implications of nm-dicyclohexylamine usage, focusing on its toxicity, biodegradability, persistence, and potential for bioaccumulation. the study also explores regulatory frameworks and mitigation strategies to minimize its adverse effects on ecosystems. data from both domestic and international sources are synthesized to provide a robust understanding of the compound’s environmental behavior.

1. introduction

n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine (nmdc) is an organic compound with the chemical formula c13h25n. it is a colorless liquid with a characteristic amine odor and is primarily used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions, a solvent in organic synthesis, and an intermediate in the production of pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. despite its industrial utility, nmdc’s environmental fate and effects have not been thoroughly investigated. this paper aims to fill this knowledge gap by conducting a detailed environmental impact assessment (eia) of nmdc usage, drawing on data from both domestic and international studies.

2. product parameters of n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine

parameter value
chemical formula c13h25n
molecular weight 199.34 g/mol
cas number 101-61-6
appearance colorless to pale yellow liquid
boiling point 247°c
melting point -18°c
density 0.86 g/cm³ at 20°c
solubility in water slightly soluble (0.5 g/l)
vapor pressure 0.01 mmhg at 25°c
ph (1% solution) 11.5
flash point 110°c
autoignition temperature 370°c
log p (octanol/water) 3.5

3. environmental fate and behavior

3.1. biodegradability

the biodegradability of nmdc is a critical factor in determining its environmental persistence. according to a study by [smith et al., 2018], nmdc exhibits moderate biodegradability under aerobic conditions, with approximately 40% degradation observed within 28 days in activated sludge. however, under anaerobic conditions, biodegradation is significantly reduced, with only 10% degradation after 60 days. this suggests that nmdc may persist in environments where oxygen levels are low, such as sediments or deep groundwater.

condition degradation (%) time (days) reference
aerobic 40 28 smith et al., 2018
anaerobic 10 60 smith et al., 2018
3.2. persistence

nmdc’s persistence in the environment depends on several factors, including its volatility, solubility, and resistance to photolysis. due to its relatively high boiling point (247°c) and low vapor pressure (0.01 mmhg at 25°c), nmdc is unlikely to volatilize from water or soil surfaces. its slight solubility in water (0.5 g/l) means that it can remain in aquatic systems for extended periods. additionally, nmdc is resistant to photolysis, as indicated by a study by [johnson et al., 2019], which found no significant degradation of nmdc under simulated sunlight conditions over 14 days.

factor description reference
volatility low (0.01 mmhg at 25°c) johnson et al., 2019
solubility slightly soluble in water (0.5 g/l) johnson et al., 2019
photolysis resistant to photolysis johnson et al., 2019
3.3. bioaccumulation

bioaccumulation refers to the accumulation of a substance in living organisms over time. nmdc has a log p value of 3.5, indicating that it has a moderate tendency to partition into lipids, which could lead to bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms. a study by [wang et al., 2020] found that nmdc accumulated in the tissues of fish exposed to contaminated water, with bioconcentration factors (bcf) ranging from 1,500 to 3,000 l/kg. this suggests that nmdc has the potential to biomagnify through the food chain, posing risks to higher trophic levels.

organism bcf (l/kg) exposure time (days) reference
fish (carp) 1,500-3,000 30 wang et al., 2020

4. toxicity

4.1. acute toxicity

acute toxicity refers to the immediate harmful effects of a substance on organisms. nmdc has been shown to be moderately toxic to aquatic organisms. a study by [brown et al., 2017] reported that the 96-hour lc50 (lethal concentration) for daphnia magna was 12.5 mg/l, while the 48-hour ec50 (effective concentration) for algae (pseudokirchneriella subcapitata) was 15.0 mg/l. these values indicate that nmdc can cause significant mortality and growth inhibition in aquatic invertebrates and microorganisms at relatively low concentrations.

organism endpoint concentration (mg/l) reference
daphnia magna lc50 (96h) 12.5 brown et al., 2017
algae (p. subcapitata) ec50 (48h) 15.0 brown et al., 2017
4.2. chronic toxicity

chronic toxicity refers to the long-term effects of exposure to a substance. nmdc has been found to have chronic effects on aquatic organisms, particularly in terms of reproductive success and developmental abnormalities. a study by [lee et al., 2019] observed that exposure to nmdc at concentrations as low as 1.0 mg/l caused significant reductions in the fecundity of zebrafish (danio rerio) and increased the incidence of malformations in larvae. these findings suggest that nmdc poses a risk to the reproductive health of aquatic species, which could have cascading effects on ecosystem stability.

organism endpoint concentration (mg/l) effect reference
zebrafish (d. rerio) fecundity 1.0 reduced fecundity lee et al., 2019
zebrafish (d. rerio) malformations 1.0 increased malformations lee et al., 2019
4.3. terrestrial toxicity

while most studies have focused on the aquatic toxicity of nmdc, there is limited information on its effects on terrestrial organisms. a study by [zhang et al., 2021] evaluated the toxicity of nmdc to earthworms (eisenia fetida) and found that exposure to soil contaminated with nmdc at concentrations of 100 mg/kg caused significant reductions in survival and reproduction. these results suggest that nmdc may pose a risk to soil-dwelling organisms, which play a crucial role in nutrient cycling and soil health.

organism endpoint concentration (mg/kg) effect reference
earthworm (e. fetida) survival 100 reduced survival zhang et al., 2021
earthworm (e. fetida) reproduction 100 reduced reproduction zhang et al., 2021

5. regulatory frameworks and mitigation strategies

5.1. international regulations

several international organizations have established guidelines for the use and disposal of nmdc. the european union’s registration, evaluation, authorization, and restriction of chemicals (reach) regulation requires manufacturers and importers to assess the environmental and human health risks associated with nmdc and implement appropriate risk management measures. similarly, the u.s. environmental protection agency (epa) classifies nmdc as a hazardous substance under the resource conservation and recovery act (rcra), which regulates its disposal and handling.

organization regulation/act key provisions reference
european union reach risk assessment, authorization, restriction european commission, 2023
u.s. epa rcra hazardous waste management, disposal rules u.s. epa, 2022
5.2. national regulations

in china, nmdc is regulated under the "catalogue of dangerous chemicals" (2015), which requires companies to obtain permits for the production, storage, and transportation of nmdc. additionally, the "environmental protection law" (2014) mandates that companies take measures to prevent pollution from nmdc and other hazardous chemicals. in the united states, the clean water act (cwa) and the safe drinking water act (sdwa) regulate the discharge of nmdc into water bodies and set maximum contaminant levels (mcls) for drinking water.

country regulation/act key provisions reference
china catalogue of dangerous chemicals permit requirements, pollution prevention ministry of ecology and environment, 2015
united states cwa, sdwa discharge limits, mcls for drinking water u.s. epa, 2022
5.3. mitigation strategies

to mitigate the environmental impact of nmdc, several strategies can be implemented:

  • green chemistry: developing alternative compounds with lower environmental impacts can reduce the reliance on nmdc. for example, researchers are exploring the use of biodegradable amines in polymerization reactions.

  • waste minimization: implementing waste minimization practices, such as recycling and reusing nmdc, can reduce the amount of the compound released into the environment.

  • advanced treatment technologies: advanced wastewater treatment technologies, such as activated carbon adsorption and advanced oxidation processes (aops), can effectively remove nmdc from industrial effluents before discharge.

  • public awareness and education: raising awareness among industry stakeholders and the public about the environmental risks associated with nmdc can promote responsible use and disposal practices.

6. conclusion

the environmental impact of n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine (nmdc) is a complex issue that requires careful consideration of its biodegradability, persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity. while nmdc has important industrial applications, its potential to harm aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems cannot be ignored. regulatory frameworks and mitigation strategies must be strengthened to ensure that the environmental risks associated with nmdc are minimized. future research should focus on developing greener alternatives and improving our understanding of nmdc’s long-term effects on ecosystems.

references

  • brown, j., smith, a., & jones, m. (2017). acute toxicity of n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine to aquatic organisms. journal of environmental toxicology, 32(4), 234-241.
  • johnson, l., williams, r., & taylor, s. (2019). photolytic stability of n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine in aqueous environments. environmental science & technology, 53(12), 7101-7108.
  • lee, h., kim, j., & park, s. (2019). chronic effects of n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine on zebrafish reproduction and development. aquatic toxicology, 212, 125-132.
  • smith, p., thompson, r., & white, j. (2018). biodegradation of n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine in activated sludge. water research, 141, 185-192.
  • wang, x., li, y., & chen, z. (2020). bioaccumulation of n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine in fish. environmental pollution, 262, 114321.
  • zhang, q., liu, t., & yang, h. (2021). toxicity of n-methyl-dicyclohexylamine to earthworms. soil biology and biochemistry, 155, 108156.
  • european commission. (2023). reach regulation. retrieved from https://echa.europa.eu/regulations/reach/legislation
  • u.s. environmental protection agency. (2022). rcra: managing hazardous waste. retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/rcra
  • ministry of ecology and environment of the people’s republic of china. (2015). catalogue of dangerous chemicals. retrieved from http://www.mee.gov.cn/
  • u.s. environmental protection agency. (2022). clean water act. retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/cwa-404
  • u.s. environmental protection agency. (2022). safe drinking water act. retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/sdwa

bdmaee：bis (2-dimethylaminoethyl) ether

cas no：3033-62-3

china supplier

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email:sales@newtopchem.com

email:service@newtopchem.com

email:technical@newtopchem.com

BDMAEE Manufacture !